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NEC及其相关引申

发布于 2020-05-20 · 浏览 2004 · 来自 iOS · IP 山东山东
这个帖子发布于 4 年零 356 天前,其中的信息可能已发生改变或有所发展。

转自公众号 Medicine小站

定义:

all nucleated cells(ANC,骨髓有核细胞):骨髓中所有有核细胞。

non erythroid cells(NEC,非红系有核细胞):指不包括浆细胞、淋巴细胞、组织嗜碱细胞、巨噬细胞以及所有有核红细胞的骨髓有核细胞计数。即只包括粒系细胞+单核系细胞。巨核系细胞数目较少,单独计数,故不包含其中。

在这里,也十分有必要解释一下myeloblasts(髓系原始细胞)的定义:

髓系原始细胞包括原粒细胞、原单核细胞和原巨核细胞。

  • 幼单核细胞、急性早幼粒细胞白血病的粗颗粒和细颗粒早幼粒细胞、M2b的异常中幼粒细胞为原始细胞等同细胞(应归入原始细胞计数中)。
  • 原红细胞只 有在诊断纯红系白血病时视为原始细胞等同细胞归入原始细胞计数中。
  • 不成熟单核细胞以及小的发育异常巨核细胞和微巨核细胞不是原始细胞等同细胞,不应计入原始细胞计数中 。

在血细胞形态学分析中国专家共识(2013版)中,这样提出NEC

  • 原始细胞非红系细胞计数(NEC) 是1985年FAB协作组AML修订诊断标准中为了鉴别AML与MDS而提出的 。为了鉴别AMLM6和MDS,在骨髓有核细胞分类计数时,当红系有核细胞占骨髓有核细胞(ANC)比例 ≥0.05时,原始细胞比例应按NEC(除去红系有核细胞以及淋巴细胞和浆细胞等非造血细胞)计算,如果原始细胞比例≥0.02,则应该诊断M6,否则诊断MDS。
  • 当确定患者是诊断AML或MDS后,在进一步进行分型诊断时,AML是按原始细胞占NEC的比例,而MDS 则是按原始细胞占ANC的比例 。

对于以上两点的理解十分重要,但是如今的应用价值已发生改变。  

NEC的提出:鉴别M6(FAB和MDS,用于M1-M5(FAB)亚型分型,如今仍适用 ?

追根溯源,我们再来看1985年FBA分型-Proposed Revised Criteria for the Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia( A Report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group )-如何提出并定义NEC:

  • 鉴别M6(FAB)和MDS:To avoid confusing M6 with other megaloblastic and dyserythropoietic states, we specified that more than 30% of all the bone marrow cells were myeloblasts or promyelocytes . Using this criterion we have since recognized that in some cases of M6, in which a high proportion of the erythroblasts are bizarre cells, the erythroid component was so large that it was impossible to diagnose M6 from the original FAB definition because the blast cells accounted for less than 30% of all nucleated cells of the bone marrow. We now revise our criteria for the diagnosis of M6 by requiring that 30% or more of the remaining nonerythroid cells are type I or type II blast cells. (In other words,one difficulty in distinguishing M6 from myelodysplastic syndrome is that the variability in the percentage of erythroblasts in the bone marrow influences the assessment of the proportion of nonerythroid blast cells if the erythroblasts are included in the differential count.)
  • We now propose that in the initial assessment of a bone marrow specimen (based on a 500-cell count) with suspected acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, the first step should be to establish the percentage of erythroblasts (Figure 1).
  • M1-M5(FAB)亚型分型:For further assessment of relevant cell types in M1to M5, only nonerythroid cells should be considered in the differential count; that is, exclude from the differential count plasma cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, and all nucleated erythroid precursors. A summary of the criteria for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia subtypes (excluding M3) is given in Table 1.
  • Note that in myelodysplastic syndrome, the percentage of blast cells is calculated as a percentage of all nucleated cells.


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并给出了两个例子:

Example 1: A bone marrow specimen shows 65% erythroblasts, 21% maturing granulocytes, and 14% type I and II blast cells. The first criterion for M6 is met because more than 50% of all nucleated cells are erythroblasts. The second criterion for M6 is met because 40% of the nonerythroid cells are blast cells.

(为什么blasts/NEU是40%:非红系有核细胞约等于(1-65%),blasts/NEU=14%/(1-65)%=40%。为什么非红系有核细胞可以约等于除去有核红细胞,以上提到的那些淋巴细胞、肥大细胞、巨噬细胞等等为什么可以不计入,这是因为NEU位于分母,40%已是最小值,so...)

Example 2: A bone marrow specimen shows 30% erythroblasts, 45% granulocytic cells, and 15% type I and II blast cells. The first criterion for M6 is not met, and this case cannot be classified as M6; the diagnosis is refractory anemia with an excess of blast cells.

简言之,1976年成立了FAB协作组并提出了AL的FAB分型,标志着白血病现代分型的开端,1982年FAB协作组提出了MDS的观念并提出了分型诊断标准,此后发现有些病人临床表现为AML,但由于其骨髓红系比例过高而使其原始粒细胞比例无法达到30%而不能按FAB提出的AML,因此,在1985年的FAB AML修订诊断标准中提出了NEC的概念。

2008WHO:The 2008WHO separates acute erythroid leukemia from other entities with increased erythropoiesis – acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (≥20% myeloblasts of all nucleated cells) or myelodysplastic syndromes – and subdivides acute erythroid leukemia into erythroleukemia,erythroid/myeloid and  pure erythroid leukemia subtypes.Both subtypes belong to the WHO category “AML, not otherwise specified” (AML-NOS).如图:


img


思路基本同1985 FAB基本一致。

2017WHO:The category ' erythroleukaemia ,erythroid/myeloid'  has been removed fromthe classification(AML,NOS), and most of these cas­es are now classified as MDS.

Pure erythroid leukeamia的定义也发生的了改变:Pure erythroid leukaemia is a neoplas­tic proliferation of immature cells (undif­ferentiated or proerythroblastic in ap­pearance) committed exclusively to the erythroid lineage (>80% of the bone marrow cells are erythroid, with ≥ 30% proerythroblasts), with no evidence of a significant myeloblastic component.


img


从以上二表中可见,随着2017WHO中“M6”的变化,NEC在鉴别“M6"和MDS中已不适用,2017WHO中AML,NOS亚型中原始细胞比例计算也未再涉及NEC的概念,故而如今NEC被认为意义不大。


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人生没有目的,只有过程,所谓的终极目的是虚无的。--尼采


hh,后面还有哦,NEC还有其他作用

2006年,韩国一项研究发表在Leukemia & Lymphoma ,推荐使用非红系有核细

胞中的原始细胞比例代替有核细胞总数中的比例来评估急性红细胞白血病

(EL and PEL)的治疗反应。该研究为单中心研究,AEL病例数52例,其中

EL患者50例,PEL患者3例(其中1例EL病人复发为PEL)。接受化疗患者

EL:35例,CR:21例;PEL:1例,CR1例;接受化疗的病人的CR率61.1%。

相关知识:
广泛采用的AEL的治疗反应评估是NCI指南(1990年),并于2003年修订。然而,NCI-CR患者预后不良,且复发率高。
NCI-CR的定义是:从诱导化疗开始至化疗后28-32天,造血细胞>20%,原始细胞<5%,外周血计数接近正常。
虽然AEL尚无法通过化疗治愈,但其化疗的初始目标是达到CR。CR是最重要的初始反应,因为它是目前唯一与提高生存率相关的结果。

1.生存分析

NCI-CR:完全缓解组;NCI-non-CR:未缓解组;No-CTx:未治疗组。

NCI-CR组与NCI-non-CR组有明显差异(P = 0.014),总生存明显延长;但是NCI-CR组和No-CTx组总生存无明显差异(P = 0.069)。NCI-CR, NCI-non CR 和No-CTx的中位生存期分别为:22.4, 4.4 和16.9 月。


img

2.在EL患者的诱导化疗后,有9名患者的ANC和NEC的原始细胞百分比存在差异。

img

FU, follow-up; CR-arrived time, interval from diagnosis to CR;

*<5% myeloblasts among ANC, but >5% and <20% myeloblasts
among NEC.
†<5% myeloblasts among ANC, but >20% myeloblasts among
NEC.
‡>5% and <20% myeloblasts among ANC, but >20%
myeloblasts
among NEC.
<5% myeloblasts among ANC and <20% cellularity, but >20%
myeloblasts among NEC.

即:

  • 6名患者 (patients 1– 6):髓系原始细胞 <5%(ANC), 但是 >5% and <20%(NEC)。
  • 1名患者 (patient 7)  :髓系原始细胞<5%(ANC)但是 >20%(NEC)。
  • 1名患者 (patient 8) :PR, 但是髓系原始细胞>20%(NEC)。
  • 1名患者 (patient 9) :表现为低增生性骨髓象,髓系原始细胞<5%(ANC), but >20%(NEC)。
  • These patients (patients 1 – 7) who were in CR by NCI criteria, and who treated according a previously published protocol [7], showed poor outcomes .

3.然后他们将NCI-CR组分为两组,在首次获得CR时:

①.NEC-CR, <5% myeloblasts/NEC                 ②.NEC-non CR, <5% myeloblasts/ANC but >5% myeloblasts/NEC

OS: NEC-CR组优于NEC-non CR组或NCI-non CR组(中位生存:55.8月vs14.8月vs9.9 月,P = 0.013)。NEC-CR组 (n = 15)与其他组 (n = 20,包括NEC-non CR组和NCI-non CR组)相比较, 总生存有明显统计学差异 (中位生存 55.8 月 vs. 11.7月,P= 0.006).

两组OS如下图:

img


NEC-CR组中位EFS优于NEC-non CR组(16.4月vs6.2月, P = 0.044)。如图:

img


NEC-CR组和NEC-non CR组复发率分别为40%和66.7%,无统计学差异(P = 0.279)。

4.事实上,他们选择了七个指标,在诊断和首次CR时对其进行了评估,有 (i) NCI criteria (myeloblast percentage among total nucleated cells (TNC) and cellularity); (ii) myeloblast percentage among non-erythroid cells (NEC) and cellularity; (iii) erythroid series percentage among TNC; (iv) pronormoblast percentage among erythroid cells; (v) ratio of pronormoblasts and blasts; (vi) maturation arrest index; and (vii) disappearance of erythroid dysplasia.

在这些指标中,ANC和NEC中髓系原始细胞细胞的百分比具有显著差异,其他指标对于复发和结果的可预测性并不重要。化疗后,即使在CR的情况下,红细胞仍持续存在,这很可能是由于化疗所致。化疗导致所有患者正常红细胞受抑,但是髓系原始细胞在三分之二的患者中持续存在或重新出现。

5.因此,他们推荐使用非红系有核细胞中的原始细胞比例代替有核细胞总数中的比例来评估急性红细胞白血病的治疗反应。


参考资料:

血细胞形态学分析中国专家共识(2013版)

WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues,4th ed(2017)

WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues,4th ed(2008)

Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(4):620‐625

Jun KR, Park CJ, Cho YW, et al. Recommendation of the use of myeloblast percentage among non-erythroid cells instead of percentage among total nucleated cells for therapeutic response assessment in acute erythroid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(4):683‐687.

Cheson BD, Cassileth PA, Head DR, et al. Report of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop on definitions of diagnosis and response in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(5):813‐819

Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Kopecky KJ, et al. Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia [published correction appears in J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 1;22(3):576. LoCocco, Francesco [corrected to Lo-Coco, Francesco]]. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24):4642‐4649.

部分来源于丁香园及网络




最后编辑于 2022-10-09 · 浏览 2004

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