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类风湿因子——最熟悉的陌生人

发布于 6 天前 · 浏览 303 · IP 湖北湖北

追溯类风湿因子的发现历史


在20世纪初,类风湿关节炎(RA)跟强直性脊柱炎(AS)被认为是一种疾病。


后来,随着X光技术的应用、类风湿因子(RF)的发现等,让医生们进一步关注到两者的区别,从而确定RA、AS为两个独立的不同疾病。


RF的发现可以追溯到1937年,是Erik Waaler在RA患者的血清中发现了一种抗体,该抗体可让绵羊红细胞发生凝集,而且后续他还明确该抗体的靶抗原是血清γ-球蛋白[1]。1948年,Rose也在RA患者中描述了这些抗体[2]


由于它与RA有关,最终被命名为RF[3]。1956年提出的RA诊断分类标准里,绵羊细胞凝集试验阳性被纳入RA诊断标准之一[4]


第一个检测RF时选择的底物是兔血IgG致敏的绵羊红细胞(即经典的Waaler-Rose试验)[1-2],随后开发了其他IgG载体,如膨润土[5-6]和乳胶颗粒[7-8]


然而,有一个很现实的问题,有相当多的非RA病人可测出偏高的RF数值,比如多达4%的年轻健康个体中存在RF阳性[9],而健康老年人的RF阳性率最高可达25%[10]


这就带来一个问题,即RF并不是一个很好的区分RA病人与非RA病人的工具——尽管它有一定的帮助,但帮助没有希望的那么大。


1990年代,Schellekens和他的同事们发现RA病人有针对瓜氨酸肽的抗体,即抗瓜氨酸肽抗体(ACPA)[11]。直到今天,针对瓜氨酸肽的抗体仍被认为是RA发病的重要一环,相对来说,RF在RA发病机制里的价值相对偏弱[12-14]


在2010年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟(ACR/EULAR)的RA诊断分类标准里,RF和ACPA有相同的权重[15]


但近年来,越来越多的学者建议修改分类标准,降低RF的权重,同时提升“RF与ACPA并存”和单纯ACPA阳性的权重[16-17]


实际上,在RA发病过程里,RF到底起什么样的作用?我们其实仍不是很清楚。在过去,曾经有动物模型发现RF有促进免疫复合物介导的血管损伤的作用[18]


但其他研究表明,RF实际上可能阻止IgG免疫复合物激活补体[19]从而起保护脏器的效果。这点在病毒、细菌感染的非RA病人得到佐证,比如慢性丙肝病毒感染者就可以检测到较高的RF数值[20]

[视频]



类风湿因子到底起什么作用?


诊断RA的新建议里,“RF与ACPA并存”的权重最高;这是基于发现这两个抗体共存的特异性最高,能最好的预测“极早期关节炎”发展为RA的风险[16-17],这是临床观察所见。


而机制探索也发现:ACPA是RA发病的重要一环,而RF则是这一环里的炎症增强剂[21];IgM型类风湿因子放大了含有ACPA的“类风湿性关节炎特异性免疫复合物”诱导的巨噬细胞的炎症反应[22]


新近还有研究发现,RF和ACPA可能有共同的基础。众所周知,RF是结合IgG的Fc部分的同种型抗体。而新近发现RA病人血清中的IgG重链恒定区域中存在的含瓜氨酸的线性肽结合[23]。这说明RA病人血清里的IgG存在诱导RF和ACPA并存发生的基础。


由此可以认为,RF纠缠在ACPA身上,在RA发病过程里起了一种放大效果。


值得高兴的是,RF作为相对古早的RA病人的生物标志物,仍有很多值得我们挖掘的新价值。比如,已知RF与IgG-Fc上的多个表位结合,其中一些表位与特定疾病有关[24-25]


这其中,IgG的CH3结构域内的表位被研究者挖掘出靶标‘T3-17’,它与RA密切相关[24]。继而,研究者提纯针对性的靶抗原「‘T3-17’段IgG-Fc」,用它来捕获针对它的新一代RF,而不是其他靶标的RF。这个优化的新一代RF展现出比传统RF更好的预测RA风险的效果[26]


除研究RF在诊断RA时的价值,RF预测RA病人的活动性、RF预测RA的严重度等等也是研究的关注焦点(请注意,RA的疾病活动性与RA的严重度是两码事)。


2022年EULAR更新建议:为高滴度RF的RA患者尽早开具生物性抗风湿病药物(bDMARD)或靶向合成类抗风湿病药物(tsDMARD),以改善这类病人的预后[27]


那什么叫高滴度RF?有研究建议高滴度是指≥“3倍正常参考值上限的数值”[28]


治疗后,RF数值的变化是否帮助预测患者的治疗反应?适当治疗后,病人的RF数字似乎会下降。但是这能否预测疗效却有争议[29-30]。这点可能需要针对不同药物做分类研究。


总之,RF还有很多值得研究的秘密。




补充阅读:

1,《如何看待类风湿关节炎的“诊断分类标准”------“标准还要如何修改”?

2,《从病例出发,讨论一个模拟类风湿关节炎的罕见病

3,《易误诊为类风湿关节炎的「多中心网状组织细胞增生症」

……



参考文献(上下滑动查看):

[1] Waaler E. On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutination of sheep blood corpuscles. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica. 1940;17(2):172–188. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_682a.x.

[2] Rose HM, Ragan C, et al. Differential agglutination of normal and sensitized sheep erythrocytes by sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1948;68(1):1–6. doi: 10.3181/00379727-68-16375.

[3] Pike RM, Sulkin SE, Coggeshall HC. Serological reactions in rheumatoid arthritis; factors affecting the agglutination of sensitized sheep erythrocytes in rheumatid-arthritis serum. Journal of Immunology. 1949;63(4):441–446.

[4] Bennett GA, Cobb S, Jacox R, Jessar RA, Ropes MW. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis (1956) 7(4):121–4.

[5] Ball J, Bloch KJ, Burch TA, Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS, Tsigalidou V. Comparative studies of serologic tests for rheumatoid disease. II. A comparison of the bentonite flocculation test and the sensitized sheep cell agglutination test. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1962;5:61–69. doi: 10.1002/art.1780050108.

[6] Ball J, De Graaff R, Valkenburg HA, Boerma FW. Comparative studies of serologic tests for rheumatoid disease. I. A comparison of a latex test and two erythrocyte agglutination tests in a random population sample. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1962;5(1):55–60. doi: 10.1002/art.1780050107.

[7] Plotz CM, Singer JM. The latex fixation test. I. Application to the serologic diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. The American Journal of Medicine. 1956;21(6):888–892.

[8] Plotz CM, Singer JM. The latex fixation test. II. Results in rheumatoid arthritis. The American Journal of Medicine. 1956;21(6):893–896

[9] Newkirk MM. Rheumatoid factors: what do they tell us? J Rheumatol 2002; 29:2034.

[10] Cammarata RJ, Rodnan GP, Fennell RH. Serum anti-gamma-globulin and antinuclear factors in the aged. JAMA 1967; 199:455.

[11] Schellekens GA, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, et al. Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:273–281. doi: 10.1172/JCI1316.

[12] Malmstrom V., Catrina A.I., Klareskog L. The immunopathogenesis of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: From triggering to targeting. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2017;17:60–75. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.124.

[13] Volkov M., van Schie K.A., van der Woude D. Autoantibodies and B Cells: The ABC of rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology. Immunol. Rev. 2020;294:148–163. doi: 10.1111/imr.12829.

[14] Anca Catrina, Akilan Krishnamurthy, Bence Rethi . Current view on the pathogenic role of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis . RMD Open. 2021 Mar 26;7(1):e001228. doi:External, opens in a new tab.10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001228

[15] Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:2569.

[16] Steiner G, Van Hoovels L, Csige D, et al. Should ACR/EULAR criteria be revised changing the RF and ACPA scores. Autoimmun Rev 2024;23:103421. 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103421

[17] Guenter Steiner, Patrick Verschueren, Lieve Van Hoovels,et al. Classification of rheumatoid arthritis: is it time to revise the criteria? RMD Open. 2024 Apr 19;10(2):e003851. doi:External, opens in a new tab.10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003851

[18] Baum J, Stastny P, Ziff M. Effects of the Rheumatoid Factor and Antigen-Antibody Complexes on the Vessels of the Rat Mesentery. J Immunol. 1964;93:985–92.

[19] Balestrieri G, Tincani A, Migliorini P, Ferri C, Cattaneo R, Bombardieri S. Inhibitory effect of IgM rheumatoid factor on immune complex solubilization capacity and inhibition of immune precipitation. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27(10):1130–6. doi: 10.1002/art.1780271008.

[视频]

[20] Clifford BD, Donahue D, Smith L, et al. High prevalence of serological markers of autoimmunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1995; 21:613.

[21] Sokolove J, Johnson DS, Lahey LJ, et al. Rheumatoid factor as a potentiator of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-mediated inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:813–21. 10.1002/art.38307

[22] Laurent L, Anquetil F, Clavel C, et al. Igm rheumatoid factor amplifies the inflammatory response of Macrophages induced by the rheumatoid arthritis-specific immune complexes containing Anticitrullinated protein antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:1425–31. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204543

[23] Zheng Z, Mergaert AM, Fahmy LM, Bawadekar M, Holmes CL, Ong IM, et al. Disordered Antigens and Epitope Overlap Between Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies and Rheumatoid Factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(2):262–72.

[24] Oskam N, Ooijevaar-De Heer P, Kos D, et al. Rheumatoid factor autoantibody repertoire profiling reveals distinct binding epitopes in health and autoimmunity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82:945–56. doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-223901.

[25] Falkenburg WJJ, Oskam N, Koers J, et al. Identification of Clinically and Pathophysiologically Relevant Rheumatoid Factor Epitopes by Engineered IgG Targets. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72:2005–16. doi: 10.1002/art.41430.

[26] Nienke O, Pleuni O H, Dorien K,et al. Next-generation rheumatoid factor assay provides improved predictive power for the development of arthritis in patients at risk . RMD Open. 2024 Aug 20;10(3):e004172. doi:External, opens in a new tab.10.1136/rmdopen-2024-004172

[27] Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bergstra SA, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;82:3–18.

[28] Victor DRSO, Ana PMGR, Claiton V B, et al. High-Titer Rheumatoid Factor is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcomes and Higher Needs for Advanced Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis Under Real-Life Conditions . Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Dec 19;12(1):123–136. doi:External, opens in a new tab.10.1007/s40744-024-00730-w

[29] Tillmann T., Krishnadas R., Cavanagh J., Petrides K.V. Possible rheumatoid arthritis subtypes in terms of rheumatoid factor, depression, diagnostic delay and emotional expression: An exploratory case-control study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2013;15:R45. doi: 10.1186/ar4204.

[30] Barra L., Bykerk V., Pope J.E., et al.Anticitrullinated protein antibodies and rheumatoid factor fluctuate in early inflammatory arthritis and do not predict clinical outcomes. J. Rheumatol. 2013;40:1259–1267. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.120736.

类风湿关节炎 (74)
风湿性疾病 (8)

最后编辑于 6 天前 · 浏览 303

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