uncomplicated surgery？

A frequent challenge of spine pain management comes from a large group of patients who have pain radiating to extremities. The overall prevalence of disc herniation (bulging, protrusion) is estimated at 4.8% among men over 35 years of age and 2.5% among women of the same age group [19], and the rate of disc herniation progressively increases with age [20]. A substantial percent of patients continues to have pain after 1 year with nonsurgical treatments [6]. For example, up to 22% patients have ongoing pain and disability at 12–24 months even after an initial successful lumbar discectomy surgery [21]. A good number of patients (16%) undergo post-lumbar discectomy reoperations within 2 years of the original surgery [22]. Recent studies have also shown that unfavorable outcomes, including chronic pain, are present in about 50% patients at 18–24 months [23] and as high as 60% patients at 6 years [19], after an uncomplicated lumbar disc surgery.

脊柱疼痛治疗的一个常见困难是疼痛会放射到四肢。对于35岁以上的患者，男性患椎间盘突出症（膨出、突出）的概率为4.8%、女性为2.5%^[19]，且椎间盘突出症的发病率随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加^[20]。大部分患者在非手术治疗1 年后仍然有疼痛症状^[6]，如在首次成功进行了腰椎间盘髓核摘除术后仍有高达22%的患者在术后12～24个月有持续的疼痛和功能障碍^[21]。相当数量（16%）的腰椎键盘髓核摘除术后的患者在2年内需再次手术^[22]。最近的研究还表明，在腰椎间盘髓核摘除术后无并发症的患者中，于术后18～24个月出现慢性疼痛等不良反应的约为50%^[23]、6年后高达60%^[19]。

uncomplicated surgery？无并发症的手术？还是“不复杂的手术”