anticipate和reliable有矛盾吗?
The causes and neurophysiology of acute pain are generally well understood, whereas the causes and processes of many chronic pain conditions remain a conundrum. Chronic pain has been defined simply as pain that persists past the normal healing period of tissue injury , and is often specified by a certain length of time, such as 6 weeks or 6 months. Such a temporal yardstick is empirically justified by epidemiologic studies demonstrating that the functional psychosocial and psychiatric complications of chronic pain, which so strongly influence pain morbidity and treatment outcomes, usually take several months to emerge (2). However, as we shall see, this definition of chronic pain was accepted before advances in the neurosciences, such as molecular neurobiology and imaging. These tools enabled us to determine that after tissue heals, persistent pain is caused by residual and sometime progressive anatomic or physiologic changes in what may be considered a specialized functional neurologic subsystem subserving pain perception within the peripheral nervous system, the spinal cord, and the brain. Pain becomes a chronic disease, maldynia, that is independent of the initial injury . These changes may be clinically manifest within a few weeks rather than months after injury . In time, we can anticipate the reliable diagnosis of different chronic pain conditions based on a distinct pathology and phenomenology , much as we do for chronic diseases of other organ systems.
急性疼痛的原因和神经生理学通常是很清楚的,而许多慢性疼痛的原因和过程仍然是一个难题。慢性疼痛被简单地定义为持续超过正常组织损伤愈合期(通常以一定的时间长度为特征,如6周或6个月)的疼痛。流行病学研究表明,慢性疼痛的功能性心理社会和精神并发症(强烈影响疼痛发病率和治疗结局)通常需要数月才能出现,这一时间跨度是符合我们临床经验的(2)。然而,正如我们看到的,这种慢性疼痛的定义在神经科学(如分子神经生物学和影像学)取得进展之前就被接受了。这些工具使我们能够确定:在组织愈合后,持续性疼痛是由位于外周神经系统、脊髓和脑内的一种用于控制疼痛感觉的、特殊的功能性神经系统子系统的残留和有时进行性解剖或生理变化引起的。这时疼痛正成为一种慢性疾病,即与最初的损伤无关的慢性疼痛。这些变化可能在受伤后几周而不是几个月内在临床出现。随着时间的推移,就像我们对其他器官系统的慢性疾病所做的那样,我们可以根据不同的病理学和现象学预期不同慢性疼痛状况的可靠诊断。
anticipate和reliable有矛盾吗?谢谢
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