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Acute Psychological Responses to Trauma and Its Treatment

Any sudden and exceptional mental or physical stressor beyond the coping abilities of the individual or his or her group may cause psychological trauma. However, except for the most extreme types of trauma (e.g., longterm torture), there is not a one-to-one relationship between severity of the stressor as viewed by others and the psychological impact on the individual. Thus, in most consultation-liaison (C-L) settings, an individual perspective must always be added to the “objective” perspective when ********** the severity of a trauma and its long-term implications for a specific patient. The core issue in understanding and treating subsequent responses is the meaning of the traumatic event for the individual involved. However, the biological aspects of trauma must always be taken into account.

创伤后的急性心理反应及其治疗

     任何超出个人或其群体应对能力的突如其来的和意外的精神或身体应激都可能造成心理创伤。然而，除了最极端的创伤类型(例如，长期折磨)，一般认为的应激源的严重程度与对个人的心理影响之间并不存在一对一的关系。因此，在大多数咨询-会诊(C-L)情况下，对某一特定患者评估其创伤的严重程度及其长期影响时，必须始终将个体视角添加到“客观”视角中。理解和处理后续反应的核心问题是创伤事件对相关个体的意义。然而，还必须始终考虑到创伤的生物学方面。

1.there is not a one-to-one relationship between severity of the stressor as viewed by others and the psychological impact on the individual. 一般认为的应激源的严重程度与对个人的心理影响之间并不存在一对一的关系。一对一是不是就是正比？

2.an individual perspective must always be added to the “objective” perspective必须始终将个体视角添加到“客观”视角中？什么意思？个体视角就是主观的，认为应激源的严重程度与对个人的心理影响之间存在一对一的关系，而“客观”视角是现实中的应激源的严重程度与对个人的心理影响之间并不存在一对一的关系？

3.However, the biological aspects of trauma must always be taken into account.However,为什么是转折?创伤的生物学方面是不是又是指主观的？