是这么对应吗？

SPS can be administered orally (15 g 1–4 times/ day) or rectally (30–50 g every 6 h) and was often combined with sorbitol in the past to alleviate its constipating effects. Potassium lowering is dose dependent and one study showed a range of potassium lowering of between 0.82 and 1.4 mEq/l with the 15–60 g doses, respectively. The 30 g dose lowered potassium by roughly 1 mEq/l. The onset of action is variable at 2–6 h [21].

The use of SPS is mainly limited by side effects which can include nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea. A recent observational analysis of the Swedish Renal registry revealed a higher incidence of minor gastrointestinal (GI) side effects (HR 1.11) as well as severe adverse events (HR 1.25) such as ulcers and perforations in patients with Stage 4þ CKD who had been newly started on SPS [22 &]. Cases of intestinal necrosis were also reported with the combination of SPS and sorbitol which led the Food and Drug Administration to release a black box warning in 2009, as such the combination is no longer recommended; however, SPS continues to be used without sorbitol [8].

Sodium polystyrene sulfate (SPS) 聚苯乙烯硫酸钠

hazard ratio (HR)危险比

 minor gastrointestinal (GI) side effects 是不是对应 ulcers

 severe adverse events  是不是对应perforations 

SPS可口服（15g，1~4次/d）或直肠给药（30~50g，每6h一次），为减轻便秘作用过去常与山梨醇合用。降钾作用是剂量依赖性的，一项研究表明，15-60g剂量分别降低了约0.82-1.4mEq/l的钾。30g SPS使钾降低了大约1mEq/l，起效时间在2-6h。

SPS的使用主要受到副作用（包括恶心、呕吐、便秘或腹泻）的限制。瑞典肾脏注册中心最近的一项观察分析显示，在新开始服用SPS的第4期CKD患者中，轻微胃肠道（GI）副作用（HR 1.11，如溃疡）和严重不良事件（HR 1.25，如穿孔）的发生率更高。SPS和山梨醇联合使用还有肠坏死病例的报道，这导致食品和药品管理局在2009年发布了黑匣子警告，因此这种组合不再推荐使用；然而，SPS不再与山梨醇配伍而继续使用[8]。

谢谢