massive transfusion？

What conditions would cause an increase in PT, PTT, or both?

• Isolated PT prolongation—Factor VII inhibition/deficiency

• Isolated aPTT prolongation—Heparin therapy, Factor VIII deficiency, Factor IX deficiency, Factor XI deficiency. Deficiencies in Factor XII, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, or presence of lupus anticoagulant (anti-phospholipid antibody) will prolong aPTT without clinically significant increase in bleeding risk.

• Prolongation of PT and aPTT—Liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulant therapy, DIC, massive transfusion, deficiencies or defects in Factors X, V, or II, dysfibrinogenemia

什么情况会导致PT和/或aPTT增加？

·单独的PT延长--凝血因子VII抑制/缺乏

·单独的aPTT延长--肝素治疗、凝血因子VIII缺乏症、凝血因子IX缺乏症、凝血因子XI缺乏症。凝血因子XII、前激肽释放酶原、高分子量激肽原缺乏或狼疮抗凝剂(抗磷脂抗体)的存在将延长aPTT，但不会导致临床上出血风险的显著增加。

·PT和aPTT均延长--肝病、维生素K缺乏、抗凝治疗、DIC、大量输血、X、V或II因子缺乏或缺陷、纤维蛋白原异常。

massive transfusion指大量输血还是大量输液？