医学英语视听（七）

Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology

The gastrointestinal tract consists of a long tube that food travels through, which runs from the mouth to the anus, as well as to a number of helpful accessory organs that sprout off the size of that tube. The  GI tract is made up of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and finally the anal canal. The accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary gland, the liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas. The main job of the GI system is ingestion-taking in food, digestion- breaking it down into nutrients, absorption- pulling these nutrients into the bloodstream, and finally, excretion- getting rid of waste. 

All right, so let's say we eat a slice of pizza. The pizza goes  in our oral cavity where we use our teeth to masticate, or chew the food up into small fragments. These fragments get tasted and rolled around by the tongue which is basically a huge muscle that lines the floor of the mouth. The roof of the mouth, which separates it from the nasal cavity, is made up by the anterior hard palate which provides a hard surface for the tongue to mash food against, and the posterior hard palate which moves together along with the pendulum-like uvula, to form a flap or valve that helps make sure food flows down instead of going up into the nose. At the same time, the three sets of salivary glands- the sublingual below the tongue, the submandibular below the mandible, and the parotid gland which is near the ear, all secrete saliva to lubricate the food. The saliva helps to compact the food down into a soft warm ball, called a bolus. Saliva also contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks long carbohydrates down into smaller sugars. Once the bolus of food gets swallowed through the pharynx, it goes into the esophagus. Right at the moment, there's a spoon- shaped flap of cartilage called the epiglottis, which acts like a lip and seals the airway off, so that the food doesn't end up in the lungs by accident.（continued...）

1. Gastrointestinal tract 消化道

词根：gastro- 胃

          intestino- 肠道

          -al    形容词形式

联想：gastritis 胃炎（-itis炎  ）

         gastric 胃的

         gastric mucosa 胃粘膜

         gastric ulcer 胃溃疡

         gastric carcinoma 胃癌

         gastrectomy 胃切除术（-ectomy 切除术）

         small intestine 小肠

         intestinal mucosa 肠粘膜

         intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻

         intestinal perforation 肠穿孔

3. Accessory organ 附属器官

        联想：accessory nerve 副神经

4. Salivary gland 唾液腺

联想：Saliva 唾液

          adrenal gland 肾上腺

          thyroid gland 甲状腺

5. Liver 肝

词根：hepato- 肝脏

联想：hepatocyte=liver cells 肝细胞

         hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉

         hepatic artery 肝动脉

         liver fibrosis/cirrhosis/failure 肝纤维化/硬化/衰竭

         hepatitis A/B/C/D/E 甲/乙/丙/丁/戊肝

         hepatectomy 肝切除术

         hepatocarcinoma 肝细胞癌（tumor 瘤，carcinoma癌）

6. Gallbladder 胆囊

词根：cholecysto-

联想：cholecystitis 胆囊炎

          cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术

          gallstone 胆囊结石

7. Pancreas 胰腺

联想：pancreatitis 胰腺炎

8. Ingestion 摄入，digestion消化，absorption吸收，excretion排泄

9. Masticate 咀嚼

10. Pendulum 钟摆

11. Uvula 悬雍垂

12. Sublingual 舌下，submandibular 颌下，

前缀：sub- 下

联想：subcutaneous 皮下

         suborbital nerve 眶下神经

词根：glosso- 舌

联想：glossopharyngealnerve 舌咽神经

词根：mandible下颌骨

联想：maxilla上颌骨

         maxillary sinus 上颌窦

         frontal sinus 额窦

         sphenoid sinus 蝶窦

         ethmoid sinus 筛窦

         paranasal sinus 鼻旁窦

13. Parotid gland 腮腺

联想：mumps 腮腺炎（我们老家叫猪头风）

          measles 麻疹

          rubella 风疹

          MMR vaccine  腮腺炎麻疹风疹三联疫苗

14. Lubricate 润滑

15. Bolus 食糜团

16.Amylase 淀粉酶

联想：glucose葡萄糖

         fructose 果糖

         lactose 乳糖

         galactose 半乳糖

         starch 淀粉

         lactate dehydrogenase 乳糖脱氢酶