【单句求助】如何翻译
发布于 2014-06-20 · 浏览 1290 · IP 北京北京
这个帖子发布于 10 年零 327 天前，其中的信息可能已发生改变或有所发展。
Multinational evidence-based recommendations forthe diagnosis and management of gout:
我想分次把十条建议翻译出来，主要是想向大家请教.
Recommendation 1: diagnosis
Four studies used MSU crystal identification as the reference standard to evaluate the diagnostic performance of over 60 individual clinical, laboratory and imaging findings.24–27 Most clinical, laboratory and x-ray features—including podagra and hyperuricaemia—show a low diagnostic utility as stand-alone findings with the exception of response to colchicine therapy and the presence of tophi. Advanced imaging techniques, such as ultrasound (US) and dual-energy CT, performed better. Experts showed a strong consensus that identification of MSU crystals—in a joint fluid sample or in a tophi aspirate—is required for a definite diagnosis of gout. Since life-long uratelowering therapy (ULT) is commonly prescribed after diagnosis, this procedure should be routinely undertaken. However, as this might prove difficult in some settings, it was felt that clinical or imaging findings could support a diagnosis. The presence of hyperuricaemia on its own is insufficient to establish a diagnosis of gout. Response of acute arthritis to colchicine could support a clinical diagnosis of gout, but was felt unhelpful in differentiating types of crystal arthritis (eg, gout and acute calcium pyrophosphate arthritis). Availability, cost and the need for trained personnel and specific equipment may limit the use of advanced imaging techniques in routine clinical practice.
建议1：诊断
四研究采用识别MSU晶体作为参考标准来评价超过60个人的临床，实验室和影像学检查结果的诊断性能。24–27除对秋水仙碱治疗反应和存在痛风石外，大部分的临床、实验室和X线征象--包括足痛风和高尿酸血症—显示作为独立的表现其诊断价值不大。先进的成像技术，如超声（US）及双能量CT，诊断价值更好。专家表现出强烈的共识，在关节液或抽吸的痛风石标本中发现MSU对痛风的确诊是必要的。由于诊断后常常要进行终身降尿酸治疗（ULT），这个程序应常规进行。然而，因为在某些情况下这样做可能是困难的，有人认为临床或影像学表现可以支持诊断。高尿酸血症本身不足以确立痛风的诊断。急性关节炎对秋水仙碱的反应可以支持痛风的临床诊断，但对鉴别晶体关节炎的类型帮助不大（如痛风急性和焦磷酸钙关节炎）。可获得性、成本和需要训练有素的人员和具体设备可能会限制先进成像技术在临床实践中的常规应用。
Recommendation 2: comorbidity screening
The focus was on those comorbidities that could be both screened for and treated. An increased incidence of end-stage renal disease was found in patients with hyperuricaemia,28 but gout was not an independent predictor for this disease.29 However, a fourfold increase in mortality due to kidney disease has been reported in patients with gout compared with non-gouty patients.30 We identified evidence that hyperuricaemia may increase the risk of developing diabetes or hypertension31 32; however, no prospective studies were identified that investigated the risk of these conditions in people with gout. The available data showed that hyperuricaemia does not increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD)31–36 or stroke.37–39 On the other hand, there was evidence to suggest that people with gout have an increased risk of developing CHD40–43 and slightly increased risk of CHD-related mortality.44 Experts agreed to highlight the need to screen for renal disease on the basis of the strong evidence of association and the implications for gout therapy. Experts also agreed that hyperuricaemia and gout should be considered red flags for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
建议2：合并症的筛查
重点集中在那些可以筛查和治疗的合并症上。在高尿酸血症患者中终末期肾脏疾病的发病率在增加28，但痛风不是这种疾病的独立预测因素29。然而，据报道与非痛风患者相比，痛风患者由于肾脏疾病的死亡率增加了四倍30。我们发现的证据表明，高尿酸血症可能增加患糖尿病或高血压31 32风险；however, no prospective studies were identified that investigated the risk of these conditions in people with gout.。现有的数据表明高尿酸血症不会增加患冠心病（CHD）31–36或中风的风险37–39。另一方面，有证据表明痛风患者患慢性心脏病风险增加40–43，冠心病相关的死亡率风险轻微增加44。鉴于强有力的证据显示肾脏疾病于痛风相关联以及它对痛风治疗有影响，专家同意需要筛选肾脏疾病。专家们也同意高尿酸血症和痛风应当被看作代谢综合征与心血管疾病的预警信号。
问题：红字部分，特别是that investigated如何翻译？
我想分次把十条建议翻译出来，主要是想向大家请教.
Recommendation 1: diagnosis
Four studies used MSU crystal identification as the reference standard to evaluate the diagnostic performance of over 60 individual clinical, laboratory and imaging findings.24–27 Most clinical, laboratory and x-ray features—including podagra and hyperuricaemia—show a low diagnostic utility as stand-alone findings with the exception of response to colchicine therapy and the presence of tophi. Advanced imaging techniques, such as ultrasound (US) and dual-energy CT, performed better. Experts showed a strong consensus that identification of MSU crystals—in a joint fluid sample or in a tophi aspirate—is required for a definite diagnosis of gout. Since life-long uratelowering therapy (ULT) is commonly prescribed after diagnosis, this procedure should be routinely undertaken. However, as this might prove difficult in some settings, it was felt that clinical or imaging findings could support a diagnosis. The presence of hyperuricaemia on its own is insufficient to establish a diagnosis of gout. Response of acute arthritis to colchicine could support a clinical diagnosis of gout, but was felt unhelpful in differentiating types of crystal arthritis (eg, gout and acute calcium pyrophosphate arthritis). Availability, cost and the need for trained personnel and specific equipment may limit the use of advanced imaging techniques in routine clinical practice.
建议1：诊断
四研究采用识别MSU晶体作为参考标准来评价超过60个人的临床，实验室和影像学检查结果的诊断性能。24–27除对秋水仙碱治疗反应和存在痛风石外，大部分的临床、实验室和X线征象--包括足痛风和高尿酸血症—显示作为独立的表现其诊断价值不大。先进的成像技术，如超声（US）及双能量CT，诊断价值更好。专家表现出强烈的共识，在关节液或抽吸的痛风石标本中发现MSU对痛风的确诊是必要的。由于诊断后常常要进行终身降尿酸治疗（ULT），这个程序应常规进行。然而，因为在某些情况下这样做可能是困难的，有人认为临床或影像学表现可以支持诊断。高尿酸血症本身不足以确立痛风的诊断。急性关节炎对秋水仙碱的反应可以支持痛风的临床诊断，但对鉴别晶体关节炎的类型帮助不大（如痛风急性和焦磷酸钙关节炎）。可获得性、成本和需要训练有素的人员和具体设备可能会限制先进成像技术在临床实践中的常规应用。
Recommendation 2: comorbidity screening
The focus was on those comorbidities that could be both screened for and treated. An increased incidence of end-stage renal disease was found in patients with hyperuricaemia,28 but gout was not an independent predictor for this disease.29 However, a fourfold increase in mortality due to kidney disease has been reported in patients with gout compared with non-gouty patients.30 We identified evidence that hyperuricaemia may increase the risk of developing diabetes or hypertension31 32; however, no prospective studies were identified that investigated the risk of these conditions in people with gout. The available data showed that hyperuricaemia does not increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD)31–36 or stroke.37–39 On the other hand, there was evidence to suggest that people with gout have an increased risk of developing CHD40–43 and slightly increased risk of CHD-related mortality.44 Experts agreed to highlight the need to screen for renal disease on the basis of the strong evidence of association and the implications for gout therapy. Experts also agreed that hyperuricaemia and gout should be considered red flags for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
建议2：合并症的筛查
重点集中在那些可以筛查和治疗的合并症上。在高尿酸血症患者中终末期肾脏疾病的发病率在增加28，但痛风不是这种疾病的独立预测因素29。然而，据报道与非痛风患者相比，痛风患者由于肾脏疾病的死亡率增加了四倍30。我们发现的证据表明，高尿酸血症可能增加患糖尿病或高血压31 32风险；however, no prospective studies were identified that investigated the risk of these conditions in people with gout.。现有的数据表明高尿酸血症不会增加患冠心病（CHD）31–36或中风的风险37–39。另一方面，有证据表明痛风患者患慢性心脏病风险增加40–43，冠心病相关的死亡率风险轻微增加44。鉴于强有力的证据显示肾脏疾病于痛风相关联以及它对痛风治疗有影响，专家同意需要筛选肾脏疾病。专家们也同意高尿酸血症和痛风应当被看作代谢综合征与心血管疾病的预警信号。
问题：红字部分，特别是that investigated如何翻译？
最后编辑于 2022-10-09 · 浏览 1290
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