【共享】写作注意事项？？！！整理 分享
发布于 2006-03-23 · 浏览 657 · IP 广西广西
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• Make every word count!
• Sentences
• Every sentence should make a single point.
• The new information (“stress point”) that each sentence provides should be at the end of the sentence.
• Old information, which links the reader to the previous sentence,should be at the beginning of the sentence.
• Word order should be subject—verb—object. Keep your subject and verb as close together as possible.
• Use the active voice, e.g., “We measured.” Passive voice is useful when there are two or more actions in a sentence (because it can help to indicate the order of the actions) and when the doer of the action doesn't matter (or you don't really know who did it), e.g., “cells werewashed”).
• Sentences should contain no more than 20-22 words.
• Paragraphs
• Every paragraph should have a topic sentence that says what you aregoing to tell the reader about in that paragraph. [Analogy: Don't jump into the lake without telling bystanders why you are doing it. Are yougoing swimming? Are you going to rescue someone? Are you just fooling around, and perhaps endangering yourself?]
• Use transition sentences to link paragraphs and sections. Why are you jumping from one experiment to another?
• As you write each sentence or paragraph, ask yourself: What am I trying to say? What is my question and why did I ask it?
• Always keep in mind who your reader is. How you write depends on the audience. Will the reader understand your jargon? Usually the reader does not know as much about the topic as you do (otherwise, you wouldn’t be writing this), so keep in mind that you need to explain things as you go along.
• subject/verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; plural subject takes plural verb. Remember that the noun closest to the verb might not be the subject. Common mistake: data is plural and takes a plural verb; the singular form is datum.
• a/an/the: a common problem for non-native English speakers
• which/that:
• Use “that” without commas for essential (restrictive) material that cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• Use “which,” with commas setting off the clause, for nonrestrictive,extra information.
• and vs. or: use them correctly. “and/or” should never be used, except in legal matters.
• dangling modifiers
• present/past/perfect tense:
• use present tense for established, general knowledge
• use past tense for particular results and for what you are reporting in this manuscript
• use present tense when referring to your figures and graphs
• use present perfect (have/has been) for observations that have been repeated or are ongoing
• use parallel construction in clauses and verb forms
• Write for an extended period of time, e.g., all afternoon, or even all day.
Don’t try to write for just an hour at a time—it doesn’t work!
• Once you finish your first draft, let it lie dormant for a while. Reread your
key references. When you return to your manuscript, look for the following:
• Flaws in logic
• Misquoted or misremembered facts
• Excess verbiage
• When you do your rewrite, polish up your prose and style.
• Check meaning of every word.
• Check relationships between words.
• Make every word count.
• Check requirements of your journal. Are there word, page, or figure
limits?
One final piece of advice: Don’t get discouraged. No book, journal article, or
masterpiece was ever written in a day!
最后编辑于 2006-03-23 · 浏览 657
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