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脊柱关节炎有哪些典型表现?临床症状全面解析(一)

内科医师 · 发布于 08-06 · IP 湖北湖北
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前言

脊柱关节炎是一组以中轴骨和/或外周关节受累为主的慢性炎症性疾病。包括强直性脊柱炎、银屑病关节炎等亚型。


尽管中国脊柱关节炎的患病率约为0.2%-0.5%,但患者总数仍超过百万,且诊断延迟现象普遍,平均延误时间长达6-7年。随着影像学和生物标志物的发展,脊柱关节炎的早期诊断率显著提升,而生物制剂和小分子靶向药物的应用更是为治疗带来了突破性进展。


本专栏将从疾病机制、临床分型、诊疗规范及前沿进展等角度,系统梳理脊柱关节炎的核心知识,助力临床医生优化诊疗策略,改善患者长期预后。



初识脊柱关节炎:从分类分型到发病机制》这篇文章中提到,强直性脊柱炎(AS)是脊柱关节炎(SpA)这一大谱系类疾病里的经典类型;AS属于中轴型SpA(AxSpA),它还有另一个名词叫放射学阳性中轴型SpA(r-axSpA)。


那么,SpA有什么样的临床表现,尤其是中轴型SpA有怎样表现?



一、流行病学


全球各地的SpA患病率有很大差异,具体取决于研究所在国家或地区的遗传背景。比如,HLA-B27背景阳性率的差异对SpA患病率有较大影响。而中轴型SpA患病率估计是单独AS的2-3倍[1-2]


由于历史问题,当前主要有AS的调研数据被保存下来,而SpA患病率则数据不详。


比如,AS的患病率数据偏低的是拉丁美洲(0.1%)和非洲(0.07%),且他们的HLA-B27阳性率也是最低。对应的是欧洲AS患病率为0.12%-1.0%,亚洲为0.17%,因为欧洲和亚洲的HLA-B27阳性率相对偏高[2-3]


三项关于中国军人人群的横断面研究(n=54,474)显示,中国军人中AS的患病率为0.17%-0.44%[4-6]


七项基于中国社区人群的横断面研究(n=55,959)显示,中国社区人群中AS的患病率为0.20%-0.42%[7-13]


美国AS的患病率为0.20%-0.55%[14],欧洲为0.25%,中东为0.11%,东亚为0.16%,东南亚为0.07%,南亚为0.06%[15]


HLA-B27在汉族人群中的阳性率在3.6%-5.7%之间[16]。两项大规模多中心研究对中国AS患者HLA-B27的阳性率进行了统计分析,结果显示,中国88.8%-89.4%的AS患者为HLA-B27阳性[17-18]


HLA-B基因(包括HLA-B27)存在明显的多态性。有超过224种转录蛋白(HLA-B27亚型或同种异体型)因一个或多个氨基酸取代而不同,并且在全世界的种族/民族患病率差异极大。HLA-B*27:05是世界上分布最广且与疾病相关的亚型[19]


但在中国汉族人群中,HLA-B*27:04是最常见的亚型(55.0%-88.0%),HLA-B*27:05亚型的占比为10.1%-42.4%[20-23]。所以,HLA-B*27:04是中国AS患者中最主要的亚型,其次是HLA-B*27:05。


基因亚分型是有意义的,因为HLA-B27分型显示葡萄膜炎的发病率与HLA-B*27:04和HLA-B*27:05亚型相关[20,21,24]。所以,诊断AS时务必了解患者的眼睛症状,以避免漏诊。


另外,中国AS患者的平均发病年龄为29.2岁[18]。中国的HLA-B27携带者的AS发病年龄低于非HLA-B27携带者(26.2±9.45岁 vs. 31.3±12.3岁),HLA-B27携带者在诊断时的病程(5年 vs. 3年)和家族史患病率(24.3% vs. 11.5%)高于非HLA-B27携带者[17]



二、临床表现


SpA的症状特征在大体上可以分为:肌肉骨骼相关的、肌肉骨骼外的。


1

 腰背痛


中轴型SpA的主要表现包括几乎持续存在的慢性腰背痛(low back pain)。中轴型SpA患者通常存在持续3个月以上的慢性腰背痛,多于45岁前发病。习惯上把腰背痛分为:机械性腰背痛、炎症性腰背痛。


对于炎症性腰背痛(IBD)的定义有很多个。比如,Calin标准[25]、柏林标准[26]、国际脊柱关节炎评估协会(ASAS)标准[27]等。ASAS的IBD标准是如下5项特征中的至少4项[27]


  • 发病年龄<40岁;
  • 起病隐匿;
  • 运动可改善;
  • 休息无改善;
  • 夜间痛(起床后改善)。


柏林标准和Calin标准还描述有晨僵等[25-26]


请注意,并不是说有IBD就等于有SpA。一项研究分析了124例新发IBD患者的10年病历,发现SpA患病概率仅为30%[28]


另外,多种腰背痛都可能经非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)治疗改善,但SpA的疼痛更常在治疗24-48小时内显著改善[29]。根据笔者的经验,该信号的特异性和敏感性都不强,但可以作为提示点。希望未来有高质量研究来评判该信号的价值。


2

 外周关节炎


约37%的中轴型SpA和约79%的外周型SpA存在外周关节炎[30]。这点是两者的重要区分点之一。


SpA的外周关节炎一般主要累及下肢,尤其是膝关节和踝关节,伴肿胀。关节炎多不对称,通常仅累及1-3个关节[31],表现为轻度到致残不等[32]


与其他风湿性疾病相比,非对称性寡关节炎诊断SpA的敏感性和特异性分别为41%和87%[33]。因此,存在非对称性寡关节炎高度提示SpA,但无此表现并不能排除SpA。



3

 附着点炎


附着点炎是指附着点周围的炎症,附着点为韧带、肌腱、关节囊或筋膜附着骨骼处。此表现诊断SpA的特异性较高。附着点由致密的胶原、纤维软骨、邻近滑囊和滑膜襞组成。


约32%的中轴型SpA和63%的外周型SpA存在附着点炎[30]附着点炎最常表现为足跟处、跟腱附着处或跖腱膜韧带跟骨附着处肿胀[33],通常伴有剧烈疼痛和压痛。查体时,足底筋膜炎患者赤足时可能很难仅足跟着地行走。从后面观察站立位患者可见跟腱肿胀,但不一定明显。触诊发现跟腱附着部位和/或足底筋膜的跟骨附着处有压痛。


通常无肿胀但存在疼痛和/或压痛的其他附着点炎部位包括:髌骨、髂嵴、股骨大转子、肘关节上髁、胫骨平台、胸骨的肋软骨连接处、肱骨结节、胸骨柄-胸骨关节、枕部和棘突[34]

img

图1. 不同部位的附着点炎的发生频率[35]

img

图2. 脊柱、跟腱附着处和滑膜关节附着点的解剖结构,脊柱中的许多附着点以紫色突出显示[35]




4

 指/趾炎


又称香肠趾/指,是SpA的典型特征,尤其是银屑病关节炎,偶尔也见于反应性关节炎。


与滑膜炎中局限于关节的肿胀不同,指/趾炎会导致整个指/趾肿胀。关节处不会出现滑膜炎中分散且可触及的梭形肿胀,可能出人意料地几乎没有疼痛或压痛。弥漫性肿胀来源于屈肌腱、腱鞘和明显的邻近软组织受累,但也可能累及骨和关节。


仅5%的中轴型SpA和17%的外周型SpA存在指/趾炎[30]。指/趾炎并非SpA特有,结核病、梅毒、结节病、镰状细胞病和痛风石性痛风累及指/趾时也可导致指/趾炎[36]

img

图3. 中指的典型腊肠指改变,其他手指亦有



5

 其他肌肉骨骼表现


35%-50%的中轴型SpA会出现前胸壁疼痛,源自胸骨柄体关节、胸锁关节和胸肋关节受累[37]

img

图4. 一个53岁SpA病人矢状位MR图像,A的箭提示骨侵蚀;B的箭头提示骨髓水肿[37]


SpA患者有时还存在其他肌肉骨骼表现,包括颈痛、脊柱后凸、头部前倾、腰椎和颈椎活动范围受限以及胸部扩张受限。这些表现的特异性低,可能并不存在,也可能见于其他疾病。


例如,脊椎活动受限取决于疾病持续时间、疾病活动性、结构损伤程度及年龄。左右臀区交替疼痛对中轴型SpA的特异性更高。



6

 中国患者的骨骼肌肉症状特征



请注意,中国的AS的临床研究较多,而非AS的其他SpA纳入的不多。因此,如无特别说明,后面提到的资料来自AS病人。


与其他国家一样,中国患者AS最常见的临床表现是腰背痛和僵硬[38],大约28.8%-61.1%的患者以腰痛为首发表现[39-40]


一项研究提示,68.1%(379例中的258例)的患者有腰部晨僵,87.1%有僵硬,97.1%有疼痛,100%有活动受限,39.31%有畸形[40]


中国约59.0%-73.7%的患者有髋关节受累[41-42]。Li等人的研究(n=331)发现[41],髋关节受累组AS发病年龄低于非髋关节受累组,C反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于非髋关节受累组,提示年龄较小可能是AS伴髋关节受累的危险因素。


根据中国脊柱关节炎登记处的数据:33.9%的AS(n=4875)患者目前或以前患有外周关节炎,29.7%的患者当前患有外周关节炎肿胀,66.2%的患者患有附着点炎,22.7%的患者当前或过去有足跟痛[43]


在不同国家,AS患者的临床特征相似。然而,中国AS患者外周关节炎的患病率低于韩国(47.1%)和印度(65.7%)的AS患者[44-45]


(未完待续……)




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