癌症护理指南选中的试译稿

癌症护理指南选中的试译稿，发出来，不是我翻译的，发出来给大家参考人文类的怎么翻译，不过我觉得翻译的不行，红字是我的修改

CHAPTER 1

Cancer Explained

WHITNEY

Isaac remembers getting the call at work from his wife, Whitney.Isaac could hear the concern in her voice when Whitney said, “I found a lump in my breast when I was in the shower this morning. I’m scared.” After a series of tests and a biopsy, Whitney received a breast cancer diagnosis. Isaac recalls, “I didn’t know what to expect, and everything was happening so fast. I tried to go to work in between medical appointments, but I could barely concentrate. Initially, I was in shock. Whitney was only 38, and this was the furthest thing from our minds. I had no idea what to say or think or do. I wondered how we were going to tell our 10-year-old son.”

第一章：解读癌症

惠特尼的故事

艾萨克还记得那天在上班时接到妻子惠特尼的电话。电话那头，惠特尼的声音透着担忧：“我今天早上洗澡时，发现乳房有个肿块。我很害怕。” 经过一系列检查和活检后，惠特尼被确诊为乳腺癌。艾萨克回忆道：“我当时完全不知道接下来会发生什么，一切都太快了。我试着在医疗预约的间隙继续上班，但根本没法专心。刚开始（起初），我无比震惊。惠特尼才38岁，这种事是我们压根没想到的（完全出乎意料）。我不知道该说什么、脑子里都在想什么，也不知道该做什么。我甚至还在想，我们要怎么告诉10岁的儿子。”

Whitney’s surgeon recommended a mastectomy (breast removal).“I remember this hitting me like a tidal wave,” Isaac says. “Whitney and I sat together and cried.” After surgery, Whitney went through four rounds of chemotherapy. “I tried to go to every appointment, but some days I had meetings I couldn’t miss,” Isaac remembers. “I also needed to be there for our son. We have a big network of family and friends, so they helped ll in for me, keeping Whitney company at appointments and doing things for us, like organizing a meal train and running errands. It was hard, and there were good days and bad days. e hardest part was seeing Whitney go through so much, but with all the stories I have heard about cancer, I know we were lucky.”

惠特尼的外科医生建议她进行乳房切除手术（切除乳房）。“我记得听到这个消息时，感觉像被巨浪吞没了一样（似的），”艾萨克说，“我和惠特尼坐在一起，抱头痛哭。（抱头痛哭。）”手术后，惠特尼经历了四轮化疗。“我尽量参加每次预约好的化疗，但有些时候我确实有无法错过的会议，”艾萨克回忆说。“我还得照顾我们的儿子。好在我们有庞大的家人和朋友网络（家人和朋友很多），我脱不开身的时候他们可以顶上。他们陪惠特尼去预约，帮我们做了很多事，比如安排轮流送餐和跑腿。这段日子很难，既有好的方面，也有不如意的地方。最难熬的是看到惠特尼承受这么多痛苦，不过，听过那么多癌症故事，我知道我们算是幸运的（还算幸运）。”

Cancer Defined 

In a healthy body, normal cells grow, divide, and eventually die.Cancer is a group of diseases that occur when abnormal cells divide in an uncontrolled manner and do not die. Cancer can start in any cell in the body. These abnormal cells can build up in one location, forming a mass called a tumor. Some cancers form tumors, whereas others, such as leukemia, do not. Tumors can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Benign tumors do not invade other areas of the body. Malignant tumors begin growing in one part of the body and can spread to other areas through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer that has spread outside the primary site of growth is called metastatic cancer.

什么是癌症？

在健康的身体中，正常细胞会生长、分裂并最终死亡。然而，癌症是一组疾病，当异常细胞失去控制地分裂且无法正常死亡时，就会出现癌症（当异常细胞分裂失控且无法正常死亡时，就会患癌）。这些异常细胞可以在某个部位（局部）堆积，形成团（肿）块，称为肿瘤。有些癌症会形成肿瘤，而另一些，比如白血病，则不会（只有某些癌症会形成肿瘤，而像白血病之类的则不会）。肿瘤可以分为良性（非癌性）和恶性（癌性）两类（肿瘤有良性（非癌性）、恶性（癌性）之分）。良性肿瘤不会侵入身体的其他部位，而恶性肿瘤不仅会在身体的某一部位（局部）生长，还能通过血液和淋巴系统扩散到其他部位。当癌症扩散到原发部位以外时，通常被称为转移性癌症（癌症转移）。

Cancer can afflict any person at any point in their life. Although great strides have been made in the treatment of cancer, there are aspects of the disease that have yet to be discovered or understood by scientists. In spite of this, many types of cancer can be successfully treated. In very difficult cases, treatment may be required on an ongoing basis and may eventually stop working.

癌症可以在任何人生阶段影响任何人（发生在任何人任何阶段）。尽管癌症治疗领域取得了巨大进展，但仍有一些方面亟待科学家彻底把它搞明白（癌症治疗虽进展巨大，但仍有些方面亟待科学家阐明）。即便如此，许多类型的癌症是可以成功治疗的。一些疑难病例可能需要长期治疗，而且治疗还可能最终失去作用（最终还可能耐受）。

Why do some people get cancer while others don’t? This is a complex question without an easy or clear answer. According to the National Cancer Institute, there are risk factors that can play a role in making a person more vulnerable to cancer:

• Genetics/family history can influence inherited susceptibility to cancer.

• Exposure to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens), such as asbestos, coal, and formaldehyde, can play a role.

• Advancing age is a risk factor for many cancers, but not all. For example, leukemia can afflict children and adolescents.

• The use of hormones to manage menopausal symptoms can increase the risk for certain types of cancer.

• Chronic inflammation, the cause of which is sometimes unknown, can damage DNA and increase cancer risk.

为什么有些人会得癌症，而另一些人不会呢？这是一个复杂的问题（这个问题很复杂），目前并没有简单明确的答案（的答案并不简单明了）。根据美国国家癌症研究所的研究，一些风险因素可能使人更容易罹患癌症（有以下风险因素）：

• 遗传/家族史：基因遗传可能影响一个人患癌的易感性。

• 接触致癌物：如石棉、煤和甲醛等物质。

• 年龄增长：某些癌症的风险会随着年龄增长而增加，但并非所有癌症都如此。例如，白血病可能影响儿童和青少年。

• 激素使用（使用激素）：用以控制更年期症状的激素可能增加某些癌症的风险。

• 慢性炎症：原因有时不明，但慢性炎症可能会破坏DNA，增加患癌风险。

• Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk for certain cancers, such as liver, breast, and esophageal cancer.

• Obesity can contribute to cancer risk.

• Immunosuppression (caused by certain medications or disease) can make the immune system less able to detect cancer cells or combat infections that can increase cancer risk.

• Radiation can damage DNA, increasing risk for cancer.

• Sun exposure can damage the skin, increasing skin cancer risk.

• Tobacco in the form of smoking, secondhand smoke, and chewing tobacco can increase cancer risk.

• 饮酒：与某些癌症（如肝癌、乳腺癌和食道癌）的风险增加有关。

• 肥胖：可能增加患癌风险。

• 免疫抑制：某些药物或疾病导致免疫系统功能下降（降低免疫力），使身体更难发现癌细胞或对抗可能增加癌症风险的感染。

• 辐射暴露：可能破坏DNA，增加癌症风险。

• 阳光暴晒：可能伤害皮肤，增加皮肤癌的风险。

• 烟草：无论是吸烟、二手烟，还是咀嚼烟草，都会增加患癌风险。

Cancer can be broken into five different categories: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Although there are over 200 different specific cancers, the most common include melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. The cancer staging process determines the extent of the patient’s cancer through a series of medical tests that gauge the advancement of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body

癌症可分为（有）五大类：癌（Carcinoma）、肉瘤（Sarcoma）、黑色素瘤（Melanoma）、淋巴瘤（Lymphoma）和白血病（Leukemia）。尽管有超过200种具体的癌症（超过200种），但最常见的包括黑色素瘤、结直肠癌、前列腺癌、肺癌和乳腺癌。利用癌症分期的方法，（癌症分期是）通过多种医疗检测确定患者癌症的阶段，并判断是否已扩散至身体的其他区域。

Many cancer survivors ask the question, “Why did I get cancer?” Many wonder if they have done something to contribute to their risk. Although there are some risk factors, such as smoking, that appear to have a direct link to cancer risk down the road, there are many cancer survivors who exhibit few or no risk factors. Cancer does not discriminate. Many myths and misconceptions about cancer risk have been given a voice in an effort to explain why some people get it and what their outcome will be, but sometimes the answer is simply: We do not know.

许多癌症幸存者都会问：“为什么我会得癌症？（癌症为何会找上我？）”许多人会思考自己的哪些经历增加了（有哪些）患癌风险。尽管有些风险因素，比如吸烟，与癌症风险有直接关系（是直接患癌风险），但仍有许多癌症幸存者几乎没有或完全没有这些（直接）风险因素。癌症并不区分人群。一些关于癌症风险的谣言和误解试图解释为什么有人会得癌症，以及他们的预后如何，但有时答案只是：我们不知道。

• Getting a biopsy makes cancer spread.

• Sugar causes cancer.

• Antiperspirants and deodorants cause breast cancer.

• If a family member has cancer, I will get it, too.

• Cancer is a death sentence.

常见的谣言：

• 活检会让癌症扩散（扩散癌症）。

• 糖会导致癌症。

• 止汗剂和除臭剂会导致乳腺癌。

• 如果家人有癌症，我也一定会得。

• 癌症等于死亡宣判。