LMCHK考纲8【流行病学与社区医学、医学伦理与法律】

Epidemiology & Community Medicine 流行病学与社区医学

i. Basic and Clinical Epidemiology 基础与临床流行病学

例如：

• Descriptive and analytic methods 描述性与分析性方法
• Major causes of morbidity and mortality in Hong Kong 香港的主要发病率及死亡率原因
• Measures of health service utilisation 医疗服务利用率的衡量
• Disease notification and registry 疾病报告及登记
• Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of diseases 疾病的一级、二级及三级预防
• Screening 筛查
• Association and causality 关联与因果关系
• Risk predictive models 风险预测模型

ii. Basic Biostatistics 基础生物统计学

例如：

• Use of health information and vital statistics 健康信息和生命统计数据的使用
• Study designs 研究设计
• Statistical tools and analysis 统计工具及分析
• Systemic review and meta-analysis 系统评价与荟萃分析
• Guidelines for critical appraisal and reporting 批判性评价与报告的指南
• Measuring disease occurrence, risk and rate 疾病发生、风险及发病率的衡量
• （注：不需要公式和显著性检验的计算。可能需要不依赖计算器的简单计算。）

iii. Behavioural Sciences 行为科学

例如：

• World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health 世界卫生组织（WHO）对健康的定义
• Doctor-patient relationships 医患关系
• Sick role and help seeking behaviour 病人角色及寻求帮助的行为
• Risk perception and risk behaviour 风险感知及风险行为
• Behaviour change models 行为改变模型
• Psychosocial factors and social determinants of health, illness, disease and mortality 健康、疾病及死亡的心理社会因素与社会决定因素
• Inequality and inequity in health and disease 健康与疾病的不平等与不公正
• Quality of life, deviance and abnormality, impairment, disability and handicap 生活质量、越轨与异常、损伤、残疾及障碍
• Professionalism 专业精神

iv. Prevention and Control of Major Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) 预防与控制主要非传染性疾病（NCD）的风险因素

例如：

• Major NCD: e.g. cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease 主要非传染性疾病：如癌症、心血管疾病、糖尿病及慢性呼吸系统疾病
• WHO’s role, targets and strategies 世界卫生组织（WHO）的角色、目标与策略
• Tobacco: harm and control 烟草：危害与控制
• Alcohol: harm and control 酒精：危害与控制
• Modifiable lifestyle risk factors 可改变的生活方式风险因素
• Overweight and obese: adverse effects and control 超重与肥胖：不良影响与控制
• Cancer prevention and screening 癌症预防与筛查
• The Hong Kong situation (government policies and actions) 香港的现状（政府政策与行动）
• Hong Kong Cancer Registry, Department of Health and Centre for Health Protection, Tobacco Control Office, Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, Centre for Food Safety 香港癌症登记处、卫生署及卫生防护中心、控烟办公室、香港吸烟与健康委员会、食物安全中心

v. Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases 传染病的预防与控制

例如：

• Principles of prevention and control 预防与控制的原则
• Surveillance 监测
• Outbreak investigation and control, isolation and quarantine 疫情调查与控制、隔离与检疫
• Laboratory and testing 实验室与检测
• Immunity and vaccination 免疫与疫苗接种
• Agent-host-environment triangle 病原体-宿主-环境三角关系
• Epidemiology and control of important / common infectious diseases in Hong Kong, such as food poisoning, hepatitis, tuberculosis, influenza and complications, childhood immunisation, flu and pneumococcal vaccination, COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination 香港重要/常见传染病的流行病学与控制，如食物中毒、肝炎、结核病、流感及其并发症、儿童免疫接种、流感及肺炎球菌疫苗接种、COVID-19及其疫苗接种
• Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases 新发及再发传染病
• Infectious disease control in hospitals and other health care settings 医院及其他医疗环境中的传染病控制
• Occupational infectious diseases (particularly tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS) 职业性传染病（特别是结核病、HIV/AIDS）
• Cancer caused by infectious agents 由传染病原引起的癌症
• Travelers’ health and port health 旅行者健康及港口卫生
• Statutory notification of infectious diseases in Hong Kong 香港法定传染病的报告

vi. Health Policy, Services, Management and Economics 健康政策、服务、管理与经济学

例如：

• Different health care systems and financing 不同的医疗系统与融资
• Evaluation methods (structure, process and outcomes) 评估方法（结构、过程及结果）
• Elementary principles of health economics 基本健康经济学原理
• Situation and development in Hong Kong 香港的现状与发展
• Primary care in Hong Kong 香港的基层医疗
• Disease screening and early detection 疾病筛查与早期检测

vii. Occupational Health 职业健康

例如：

• Fitness to work 工作适应性
• Rehabilitation after sickness and injury 疾病与伤害后的康复
• Pre-employment and regular medical examination in occupational health 职业健康中的入职前及定期体检
• Common occupational diseases and compensation (statutory compensation boards for noise-induced hearing loss and pneumoconiosis) in Hong Kong 香港的常见职业病与补偿（噪音性听力损失及尘肺病的法定补偿委员会）
• Common exposures to work hazards (dust, chemical, physical, biological, ionising radiation and psychosocial) 常见的工作危害暴露（粉尘、化学、物理、生物、电离辐射及心理社会因素）
• Specific work hazards in the health care settings and occupational diseases in health care professionals 医疗环境中的特定工作危害及医护专业人员的职业病
• Prevention and statutory notification of occupational diseases in Hong Kong 香港职业病的预防与法定报告

Medical Ethics & Medical Law 医学伦理与医学法律

• International code of medical ethics 国际医学伦理守则
• Four moral principles: 四项道德原则：
• a. Beneficence 行善原则
• b. Non-maleficence 不伤害原则
• c. Respect for autonomy 尊重自主权
• d. Justice 公正原则
• Code of professional conduct 专业行为守则
• Consent 同意
• Confidentiality 保密性
• Assisted reproduction 辅助生殖
• Abortion 堕胎
• End-of-life decision making 临终决策
• Organ donation 器官捐赠
• Patients’ rights and patients’ charter 患者权利与患者宪章
• Medical negligence 医疗过失
• Medical Certificate of the Cause of Death 死因医学证明书
• The Medical Council of Hong Kong 香港医务委员会

Relevant Medical Legislation of Hong Kong 相关香港医学法律：

a. Medical Registration Ordinance 《医务注册条例》

b. Dangerous Drugs Ordinance 《危险药物条例》

c. Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance 《药剂业及毒药条例》

d. Coroners Ordinance 《死因裁判官条例》

e. Births and Deaths Registration Ordinance 《出生及死亡登记条例》

f. Prevention and Control of Disease Ordinance 《预防及控制疾病条例》

g. Offences against the Person Ordinance (related to abortion) 《侵害人身罪条例》（与堕胎相关）

h. Crimes Ordinance (sexual offences) 《刑事罪行条例》（性犯罪）

i. Mental Health Ordinance 《精神健康条例》

j. Human Organ Transplant Ordinance 《人体器官移植条例》

k. Guardianship of Minors Ordinance 《未成年人监护条例》

l. Apology Ordinance 《道歉条例》

m. Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance 《吸烟（公众卫生）条例》