LMCHK考纲2【泌尿、神经、呼吸、风湿免疫系统、老年医学、感染病】

Medicine 医学 【泌尿、神经、呼吸、风湿免疫系统、老年医学、感染病】

Nephrology 肾脏科

• Systemic disorders affecting the kidney 影响肾脏的全身性疾病
• Acute kidney injury (acute renal failure) 急性肾损伤（急性肾衰竭）
• Chronic renal failure 慢性肾衰竭
• Preventing progression of chronic kidney disease 预防慢性肾病的进展
• Glomerular diseases (e.g. primary and secondary renal parenchymal diseases) 肾小球疾病（如原发性和继发性肾实质疾病）
• Tubulointerstitial diseases (e.g. polycystic kidney disease) 肾小管间质疾病（如多囊肾病）
• Urinary tract infection 尿路感染
• Fluids, electrolytes and acid-base disorders 体液、电解质及酸碱平衡失调
• Renal stones and urinary obstruction 肾结石及尿路梗阻
• Dialysis 透析
• Renal transplantation 肾移植

Neurology 神经科

• Cerebrovascular disease 脑血管疾病
• Seizures and epilepsy 癫痫发作与癫痫
• Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders 帕金森病及其他运动障碍
• Infections of the central nervous system 中枢神经系统感染
• Cognitive disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, other treatable entities such as nutritional deficiencies) 认知障碍（如阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆及其他可治疗因素如营养缺乏）
• Peripheral nerve disorders (e.g. systemic causes, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome) 周围神经疾病（如系统性病因、慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病、遗传性运动感觉神经病、吉兰-巴雷综合症）
• Myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力
• Motor neuron disease 运动神经元病
• Multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化症
• Muscular disorders (e.g. systemic causes, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, rhabdomyolysis) 肌肉疾病（如系统性病因、肌营养不良、多发性肌炎、横纹肌溶解）
• Spinal cord disorders (e.g. cord compression, cord tumours, cervical myelopathy, prolapsed disc) 脊髓疾病（如脊髓压迫、脊髓肿瘤、颈椎病、椎间盘突出）
• Primary headache disorders (e.g. migraine, tension headache, cluster headache, neuralgia) 原发性头痛（如偏头痛、紧张性头痛、丛集性头痛、神经痛）
• Coma and brain death 昏迷及脑死亡
• Benign intracranial hypertension 良性颅内高压
• Normal pressure hydrocephalus 正常压力脑积水
• Confusion and delirium 意识混乱及谵妄
• Metabolic encephalopathy 代谢性脑病
• Cerebellar disorders 小脑疾病
• Brain tumours 脑肿瘤
• Neurorehabilitation 神经康复
• Head, spinal cord and nerve injuries 头部、脊髓及神经损伤

Respiratory Medicine 呼吸内科

• Respiratory infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts (e.g. influenza, common respiratory viruses, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis) 免疫正常及免疫低下宿主的呼吸道感染（如流感、常见呼吸道病毒、细菌性肺炎、结核病）
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 严重急性呼吸综合症（SARS）
• Allergic rhinitis 过敏性鼻炎
• Asthma 哮喘
• Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）
• Interstitial/inflammatory lung diseases 间质性/炎症性肺疾病
• Restrictive lung diseases from chest wall and neuromuscular diseases 胸壁及神经肌肉疾病引起的限制性肺疾病
• Obstructive sleep apnoea 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停
• Cor pulmonale 肺心病
• Respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 急性呼吸窘迫综合症（ARDS）
• Lung cancer 肺癌
• Pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病
• Non-invasive ventilation 无创通气
• Diseases of the pleura and mediastinum 胸膜及纵隔疾病
• Occupational and environmental lung diseases 职业性及环境性肺疾病
• Lung transplantation 肺移植

Rheumatology & Immunology 风湿病学及免疫学

• Rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎
• Seronegative spondyloarthritis 血清阴性脊柱关节炎
• Infective arthritis 感染性关节炎
• Crystal arthritis 晶体性关节炎
• Osteoarthritis 骨关节炎
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）
• Other collagen vascular diseases (e.g. systemic sclerosis, undifferentiated connective tissue disorder, dermatomyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica, Sjogren’s syndrome) 其他结缔组织病（如系统性硬化症、未分化结缔组织病、皮肌炎、风湿性多肌痛、干燥综合症）
• Vasculitides 血管炎症
• Drug-induced immunodeficiency 药物引起的免疫缺陷
• Allergies and allergic conditions (e.g. drug allergy, food allergy, anaphylaxis) 过敏及过敏性疾病（如药物过敏、食物过敏、过敏性休克）

Geriatrics 老年医学

• Ageing and frailty 老化与虚弱
• Age-related biological changes and vulnerability to diseases 年龄相关的生物学变化及对疾病的易感性
• Evaluation of geriatric patients 老年患者评估
• Principles and organisation of care for geriatric patients 老年患者护理的原则与组织
• Geriatric syndromes (e.g. falls and impaired mobility, neurological problems, sleep disorders, dementia, delirium, psycho-geriatric problems, pressure sores, constipation, incontinence, nutritional deficiencies) 老年综合征（如跌倒与行动障碍、神经系统问题、睡眠障碍、痴呆、谵妄、精神老年病问题、压疮、便秘、失禁、营养不良）
• Common causes of hospital admissions 常见的住院原因
• Geriatric rehabilitation 老年康复
• Prevention and health promotion for successful ageing 成功老龄化的预防与健康促进
• Community geriatrics and long-term care 社区老年医学及长期护理
• End-of-life care (e.g. advanced directives and care planning, resuscitation decisions, difficult ethical dilemmas) 临终关怀（如预先指示与护理计划、复苏决定、棘手的伦理困境）

Infectious Diseases 感染病学

• Community acquired infections 社区获得性感染
• Health care associated infections 医疗相关感染
• Infections in transplant recipients 移植受者的感染
• Common viral infections including respiratory infections as stated above, Herpesviridae infections, measles, mumps and rubella 常见病毒感染，包括上述呼吸道感染、疱疹病毒感染、麻疹、腮腺炎及风疹
• Common bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections 常见细菌、真菌及寄生虫感染
• Pyrexia of unknown origin 不明原因发热
• Septicaemia 败血症
• Tropical medicine 热带医学
• Malaria 疟疾
• Dengue fever 登革热
• HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 艾滋病毒感染及获得性免疫缺陷综合症（AIDS）
• Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 对人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）患者的高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）
• Emerging infections (e.g. COVID-19) 新兴感染（如COVID-19）