【女性生殖系统菌群之二】阴道真菌、病毒以及宫颈菌群
1. 阴道中细菌、真菌和病毒
关于健康阴道中存在细菌以外的微生物鲜有报道。在一项对216名健康PMPM个体的研究中,发现了194个真菌OTUs,其中念珠菌属最常见,并且测序序列的比例最大(图1)。在念珠菌属中,82%被鉴定为白色念珠菌。

图1 216名健康PMPM女性阴道真菌非培养学分析
从健康人阴道或FRS其他区域采集的样本中似乎没有发现原生动物或古细菌的报道。
2. 在宫颈可培养菌群中乳酸菌(lactobacilli)占主导地位
宫颈可培养菌群与阴道类似,乳酸杆菌是最常见的可培养菌种,而棒状杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌和GPAC也经常被培养,平均而言,约有六种细菌,主要以微菌落形式存在于粘液层或附着于粘膜表面。
大多数研究都是针对PMPM女性进行,对于月经初潮前或绝经后女性的宫颈菌群知之甚少。在PMPM女性中,乳酸杆菌是最常见的分离物种,在菌群中所占比最高。
3. 在宫颈菌群中发现了许多群落类型
正如在阴道中与非培养的研究得出结论一样,PMPM女性中可以观测出许多群落类型,包括乳酸杆菌(L.iners、L.crispatus和L.gasseri)占优势的群落类型,以及乳酸杆菌不占优势的群落类型。不以乳酸杆菌为主的群落类型包括三类:(1)几乎完全由G. vaginalis组成;(2)由厌氧菌属的混合物组成,包括普氏菌属、小杆菌属、奇异菌属、加德纳杆菌属、巨球菌属、嗜胨菌属、纤毛菌属、埃格特菌属、气球菌属、芬戈尔德菌属和动弯杆菌属;(3)阴道毛滴虫和乳酸杆菌的比例大致相等。
在部分女性中,相同的群落类型会持续很长时间,而在另一些女性中,群落类型之间会发生波动。最常见的波动是在以L.iners为主的群落和以G.vaginalis为主的群落之间。
4. 妊娠期间宫颈菌群的变化
妊娠对宫颈可培养菌群有显著影响。从孕早期到孕晚期,GPAC、脆弱拟杆菌和其他类杆菌等厌氧菌的可分离频率逐渐降低。厌氧菌分离减少可能是妊娠期间宫颈血管增多的结果,因为这将向组织输送更多氧气,从而产生更多需氧菌抑制专性厌氧菌生长。
女性生殖系统菌群系列:
【女性生殖系统菌群之二】生殖系统菌群受年龄和系统生理学变化的影响
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