理解的对吗？

Tracheal sleeve resection and reconstruction is the definitive treatment for tracheal stenosis, particularly for complex tracheal stenosis (see Fig. 10.1). The best opportunity for a successful outcome is the initial operation. A detailed plan should be developed, and if there is any doubt, it is better to refer the patient to an institution with experience in the management of airway surgery [45]. Lesions in the upper half of the trachea are frequently approached by cervical collar incision that may be extended to the upper portion of the sternum if access to the mediastinal trachea is needed. The lower third of the trachea and mainstem bronchi are best approached via right posterolateral thoracotomy. It is important to distinguish the exact location of the stenosis and involvement or lack thereof of the cricoid as the choice of tracheal end-to-end anastomosis, cricotracheal anastomosis, and tracheo-cricotracheal anastomosis has increasingly more common complications. The use of release maneuvers to help reduce tension at the tracheal anastomosis is very important and ranges from the simple neck flexion to more complex techniques including proximal and distal mobilization of the pretracheal plane, suprahyoid release, laryngeal release, division of the inferior pulmonary ligament for hilar release, and intrapericardial release including the pericardium around the hilar vessels [46].

气管袖状切除和重建是气管狭窄的最终治疗方法，尤其是复杂气管狭窄（见图10.1）。初次手术成功是满意预后的最佳选择。应制定详细的计划，若疑问，最好将患者转诊至有气道手术管理经验的机构[45]。气管上半部分的病变通常通过颈领切口进入，如需进入纵隔气管，可延伸至胸骨上部。气管下1/3和主支气管最好通过右后外侧开胸入路。由于气管端端吻合、环状软骨-气管吻合、环状软骨-气管-气管吻合的选择越来越复杂，因此区分狭窄部位以及环状软骨的受累或缺乏的确切位置非常重要。使用松解手法帮助降低气管吻合处的张力非常重要，范围从简单的屈颈到更复杂的技术，包括气管前平面近端和远端的松动、舌骨上松解、喉松解、分离下肺韧带以松解肺门以及包含肺门周围血管的心包内松解[46]。

1.the exact location 是只包括stenosis 还是也包括involvement or lack thereof of the cricoid，involvement or lack thereof of the cricoid环状软骨是否受累？那thereof 啥意思？

2.cricotracheal环状软骨-气管、tracheo-cricotracheal环状软骨-气管-气管？

3.increasingly more common越来越？more common是不是可以省略？

4.complications“复杂”还是“并发症”，按理复数应该是“并发症”，但是the choice has increasingly more common complications，选择越来越并发症感觉说不通

5，release maneuvers松解手法？

6.mobilization松动？