英文视频｜胸部CT解剖常识

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【胸部CT解剖常识-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/HnP1JGu

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we're going to cover the anatomy of ct

我们将介绍 ct 扫描的解剖结构

scans and do an introduction

并进行介绍

and we're going to answer the questions

，我们将回答以下问题：

what is the ct image

什么是 ct 图像

how is it obtained and what way is the

，它是如何获得的，以什么方式呈现的

information presented

信息

and what appears bright dark and gray in

，以及在 ct 中呈现出的亮暗和灰色

a ct hello everyone my name is dr morton

大家好，我的名字是 morton 博士

and

，

i'm the noted anatomist so this is going

我是著名的解剖学家，所以这

to be

将是

from the perspective of an anatomist and

从解剖学家的角度来看，

so i'm not a radiologist and i'm not a

所以我不是放射科医生，我不是

clinician so this is not meant to be as

临床医生，所以这并不意味着

a

diagnostic resource or a resource for

诊断资源或

the way radiologists look at axial ct

放射科医生查看轴向 ct 图像方式的资源，

images

it's meant to show the major thoracic

它旨在显示轴向 ct 扫描中的主要胸部

and anatomic structures

和解剖结构

in axial ct scans from

，

so the way you usually see it as an

因此您通常将其视为

anatomy like bones like that but now

类似骨骼的解剖结构，但现在

you're going to be looking at it through

您要 通过 ct 图像查看它，

ct images so it's a resource to help

因此它是一种资源，可以帮助

students learn anatomy

学生

through ct imaging and to help you get

通过 ct 成像学习解剖学，并帮助您使

your radiology eyes

放射学的眼睛

all right so what's a ct scan how is it

一切正常 那么什么是 ct 扫描 它是如何

obtained a ct scanner projects

获得的 ct 扫描仪

x-rays in a circular motion with

以圆周运动投射 X 射线

detectors on the opposite side of the

op上的探测器 在身体的另一侧，

body so here's a ct scanner and a

所以这里有一台 ct 扫描

patient lies on his or her back

仪，病人仰卧

and then that table moves them head

，然后这张桌子将他们的头部

first through that circle

首先移动通过

where these x-rays project and detectors

这些 X 射线投射的圆圈，然后探测器

pick it up

after the x-rays go through the body on

在 X 射线穿过身体后将其拾取

the side view here's a patient on that

在侧视图上，那张桌子上有一个病人

table and that yellow line represents

，那条黄线代表

those

that beam of x-rays and the table moves

那些 X 射线束，桌子移动

and those beam of x-rays go through

，那些 X 射线束穿过

and then there's the received those

，然后接收到那些

x-rays are received on the other side

X 射线在另一侧接收

after

gone through the body after they have

穿过身体 穿过身体之后

gone through the body

how's the information usually presented

通常呈现的信息是怎样的

body tissue slices are mathematically

身体组织切片经过数学

reconstructed

重建

and then displayed on grayscale matrix

，然后显示在这样的灰度矩阵上，

like

this so there's the axial plane coronal

所以轴向平面冠状

and sagittal planes

面和矢状面

all on a gray scale matrix so let's talk

都在灰度矩阵上所以让我们

about each of these planes an axial

谈谈 这些平面中的每一个都是一个轴向

plane

平面，

it's a horizontal line that divides

它是一条水平线，将

structures into superior and

结构分为上等

inferior parts like this and now i'm

部分和下等部分，现在我

going to do a little bit of a tangent

要做一点切线，

because in cross sections

因为在 横截面

anatomists view cross sections from head

解剖学家像这样从头到脚查看横截面

to foot

like this and that's how the image is

，这就是图像通常

often presented

in contrast radiologists view cross

在对比中呈现的方式放射科医生

sections from foot to head like this and

像这样查看从脚到头的横截面，

that's what the image looks like so we

这就是图像的样子，所以我们

put them beside each other

将它们放在一起

you'll notice that the back of an

你会注意到

anatomy cross section is at the top of

解剖横截面的背面位于图像的顶部，

the image

and the back of a axial section of

而 X 射线照片的轴向剖面的背面

radiographs were at the bottom

位于底部

wow anonymous and radiologists should

哇匿名 放射科医生应该

have got a

like some type of a spot of tea in the

在 70 年代得到类似的某种茶点

70s

and said you know we got to make sure we

并说你 知道我们必须确保我们

don't do what we did with like

不会像

left and right sides of the roads with

道路的左侧和右侧

like cross sections and they did

那样的横截面那样做我们所做的事情，他们做到了

and we're stuck with it so the take home

，我们被困住了，所以在

messages in

axial ct cross sections this is how

轴向 ct 横截面中带回家的信息就是这样

they're always viewed

他们总是被

the back is always on the bottom the

观察 背部总是在底部

posterior and that's the spinous process

后部，这

that helps me see

是帮助我看到的棘突，

whereas the top of an image is anterior

而图像的顶部是前部

that's the sternum

，即胸骨

and you're always viewing axial cts or

，当你看到轴向 cts 或

mris when that happens from foot to head

mris 时 从脚到头，

so you're looking

所以你在

at the feet or from the foot of the

看脚或从

patient up which means that's right and

病人的脚向上看，这意味着它是对的，

that's left and if you ever forget it

那个是左的，如果你忘记了它

shake introduce yourself to the patient

摇晃 向病人介绍你自己

and shake their hands you take your

并和他们握手，你拿你的

right hand

右手

and take their right hand and you go hey

然后 拿起他们的右手，然后你走，嘿

how are you doing nice to meet you your

，见到你，你好吗？你的

right hand always goes over to their

右手总是伸到他们的

right

右边，

so there it is anterior posterior right

所以它是前后

and left

左右，

so the axial plane these are showing

所以轴向平面这些显示

different

不同，

uh in the actual plane these are

呃在实际平面上这些是

different sections in the axial plane

不同的 轴向平面中的截面

going

down down down it's really cool to see

向下 向下

the anatomy in these different views

在这些不同的视图中看到解剖结构真的很酷

a coronal plane is a longitudinal line

冠状平面是一条纵向线

that divides a structure into anterior

，将结构分为前部

and posterior parts like this

和后部，就像这样

and then you view it and so here it is

，然后你查看它，所以它

in a coronal plane as if your nose to

在 冠状平面就像您

nose with the patient in this image

在这张图片中与患者的鼻子对鼻子一样

superior inferior right and left

上上下下 左右

and as we move through this series of

，当我们通过这一系列

sections you get an idea of

部分时，您会了解

you can see really cool anatomy going

您可以看到非常酷的解剖结构 现在

from front to back

从前到后，

now a sagittal plane is a longitudinal

矢状面是一条纵向

line that divides a structure into left

线，将结构分为

and right parts like this

左右两部分

and then you view the sagittal plane and

，然后您查看矢状面，

so this is now showing the superior and

因此现在显示上、

inferior

下

anterior and posterior and we're now

前部和后部，我们现在

going through this image in a sagittal

开始 通过矢状面的这张图像，

plane and again you see the same

你再次看到相同的

thoracic anatomy

胸部解剖结构，

except you see in this case thoracic

除了在这种情况下，你

anatomy in a really cool different view

在一个非常酷的不同视图中看到胸部解剖结构

and so i keep saying so it's really

，所以我一直说，这真的很

annoying i'd probably get really annoyed

烦人，

if i keep hearing that

如果我一直听到这个，我可能会很生气

and therefore you'll whatever

因此，

ctm the data sets show ct images in

无论数据集在

axial

轴向

coronal and sagittal planes and there's

冠状面和矢状面显示 ct 图像，您都

also another thing called volume

rendering that

that computers can do and radiologists

可以使用计算机可以做的另一件事，放射科医生可以做的

do is they take and slurp up

就是体积渲染，他们可以获取并吞下

all this data and you can make a

所有这些数据，然后您可以制作

three-dimensional volume rendering of

三个 - 数据的三维体积

the data it's very cool but i'm just

渲染非常酷，但我

going to focus on the three

只关注三个

major sections what is bright dark and

主要部分，什么是 ct 中的亮暗和

gray in

灰色，

a ct so i was about to say so again but

所以我正要再说一遍 b 但是

i didn't

我

the scanner emits x-rays towards the

没有扫描仪从各个角度向患者发射 X 射线，

patient from various angles

so that yellow line is the x-ray and the

因此黄线是 X 射线，

detectors

探测器

measure the difference between x-rays

测量被身体吸收的 X 射线之间的差异，

that are absorbed by the body

dense things like bones and x-rays

如骨骼和 X 射线等致密物质

completely transmitted through the body

完全通过身体传播，

like what happens when x-rays go through

就像 X 射线穿过空气时发生的那样

air

and then the data is brought and so what

，然后带来数据，所以

we see is that there is a

我们看到的是

bright area when there's high density

当密度高时有一个明亮的区域，

they call high attenuation（ /əˌtenjuˈeɪʃn/）

他们称之为高衰减，

so bone so there's the sternum in the

所以骨骼所以

ribs and the vertebra

肋骨中有胸骨 并且椎骨

bright they're white high attenuation

明亮它们是白色的高衰减

high density so the whiter it is the

高密度所以它越白它

more dense it is

越密集

and also high density could be there

并且

because of a contrast that injected so

由于注入的对比度也可能存在高密度所以

here is a ct scanner

这里是一个CT扫描仪

and there is some an intravenous line

并且有一些静脉注射线

that's providing a contrast into the

正在提供 与血流形成对比

bloodstream to make the blood

以使血液变

bright here's an axial ct scan

亮 这是对患有肺栓塞的人的轴向 ct 扫描

of someone who has a pulmonary embolism

notice that the pulmonary

artery that should be just a vessel is

注意应该只是血管

the same density as a bone

的肺动脉与骨骼密度相同

because of the contrast also there's a

使用对比 还有

superior vena cava with contrast

上腔静脉 对比

azagus vein without contrast

azagus 静脉 没有对比

black shows low density or low

黑色显示低密度或低

attenuation so this is like air so

衰减 所以这就像空气 所以

there's the right lung it's black

有右肺 它是黑色的

because

因为

it has low attenuation there's no

它有低衰减 它没有

density to it you'll notice the circle

密度 你会注意到 圆圈

when i see a cert this

当我看到一个证书

exact same uh exact

完全相同的 呃 完全相同的

same brightness or darkness they're

亮度或黑暗 在这种情况下它们

usually the same

通常是相同的

thing in this case that's air that's

东西 那是空气 那是

your trachea your windpipe

你的气管 你的

the different shades of gray insert joke

气管 这里不同深浅的灰色插入

here shows

笑话显示

different or varying degrees of density

不同或不同程度的密度

and attenuation

和衰减

so fat that's shown there in the

所以

subcutaneous tissue

皮下组织

has a lower attenuation than say this

中显示的脂肪比说胸大肌的衰减要低一些，

pectoralis （/'pektərəlɪs/）major muscle which is a

胸大肌的

little bit more dense but not as dense

密度稍高，但不如骨头那么密集

as bone okay there's some other the

paraspinal muscles 椎旁肌

i want to give just one suggestion to

have an anatomy book or atlas handy as

或 atlas 在

you study these axial ct scans or any

您研究这些轴向 ct 扫描或任何

type of sectional imaging

类型的断层成像时很方便，

because if you've got this book and you

因为如果您有这本书并且

can place it right beside you it makes

可以正确放置 在你身边，

it easier if you point and say i want to

如果你指着说我

see this

想看这个

aortic arch and then you find the aortic

主动脉弓，然后你找到主动脉

arch and so you're able to follow that

弓，这样你就可以在跟随

aortic arch with your finger

主动脉弓的同时用手指

at the same time you're following the

跟随那个

aortic arch in the axial

主动脉弓 在轴向

ct and it helps you put the anatomy

ct 中，它可以帮助您将解剖结构

together

放在一起，

okay so that my friends is showing

这样我的朋友们就可以简单地展示

the anatomy of ct scans in a nutshell 简要地说

ct 扫描的解剖结构