浅析噬菌体的结构和形态
噬菌体有三种不同形态:二十面体无尾,如 PM -2;二十面体有尾,如SPO1;丝状,如M13。有尾噬菌体一般有头,颈、核心、鞘、尾板、尾丝儿部分组成 。噬菌体的遗传物质有的是 DNA ,有的是 RNA ;有的是双链,有的是单链;有的是线状,有的是环状 。
噸菌体的生活史分成裂解(lytic pathway )和溶原( lysogenic pathway )两种途径。溶原周期不产生子代颗粒,被感染的细菌生存,当细胞分裂时,噬菌体 DNA 分子被传递到每个细菌子代细胞中。各种噬菌体都具有裂解周期。既具有裂解周期又具有溶原周期的噬菌体称为温和噬菌体 ,它们感染细胞后并不复制。染色体整合到宿主的染色体中,此时的噬菌体称为原噬菌体带有原噬菌体的细菌称为溶原性细菌( lysogeny bacteria )。因它可导致敏感性细菌裂解,故称“溶原”。仅有裂解周期的噬菌体为烈性噬菌体( virulent phage )。
λ噬菌体颗粒中的 DNA 分子也是线性的。不同于T4噬菌体中的 DNA 分子,然而,每个λ噬菌体的 DNA 分子都有相同的末端,由12bp的回文序列( cos )组成。实际上,末端是单链的黏性末端,在序列上是互补的,所以当入磁菌体感染 E.coli 后,切开的 cos 区能够配对连接,形成一个环形的分子。

游离状态的T4噬菌体和其感染 E.coli时的状况
几种病毒染色体的特点


噬菌体裂解周期和溶原周期(引自 Gampbell et al .,1998)在裂解周期中,噬菌体感染细菌,独立进行复制和繁殖,裂解宿主细胞,释放子嗽菌体,再去感染新的细胞;在溶原周期中,嗽菌体感染细胞后,其环状 DNA 整合到宿主的基因组中,随着宿主的基因组的复制而复制,不裂解宿主细胞。

Electron micrograph of a T4 virion negatively stained with potassium phosphotungstate.

Structure of bacteriophage T4, based on electron microscopic structure analysis to a resolution of about 2–3 nm. Near the head and tail are the locations of the known major and minor proteins. The icosahedral vertices are made of cleaved gene 24 protein (gp24).
The gene 20 protein is located at the connector vertex, bound to the upper collar of the neck structure. The six whiskers and the collar structure appear to be made of a single protein species, gpwac. The gp18 sheath subunits fit into holes in the baseplate, and the gp12 short tail fibers are shown in a stored position. The baseplate is assembled from a central plug and six wedges; and although the locations of several proteins are unknown, they are included here with the plug components. (Diagram from
Eiserling, F.A. [1983]. Structure of the T4 virion, pp. 11–24. In: Mathews, C.K., Kutter, E.M., Mosig, G., Berget, P.B. [eds.], Bacteriophage T4. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.)
请思考
What are the advantages to a virus that can distinguish viral DNA from
host DNA?
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