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初学者致初学者-神内经典视频(二):Gowers征和它背后的故事

发布于 2019-06-19 · 浏览 2.5 万 · IP 四川四川
这个帖子发布于 5 年零 327 天前,其中的信息可能已发生改变或有所发展。

上次分享了一例特殊的负性肌阵挛的患者。

初学者致初学者-神内经典视频(一):扑翼样震颤/负性肌阵挛

虽然典型但并不常见。这次分享一个更经典的,命名近140年的体征。认识它很容易,但描述起来可能没那么简单。大家可以按照:1、描述;2、体征;3、鉴别诊断这样的顺序来回帖。

先看视频吧。

少年患儿,自幼肢体无力。

previewplay video

感谢视频提供者:郁可 博士

原创不易,大家多收藏分享,谢谢择期公布结果。

------------6.21更新的分割线-------------------

大家回答很踊跃,很多战友一眼就看了出来。没错,这是典型的Gowers sign。患儿也是一例基因确诊的DMD。注意,这里的Gowers是一个完整的词,指高尔斯,并非Gower's的意思。

体征不难,但命名过程值得回味和思考。放在现在,还有人耐下性子如此细致的观察一个体征吗?下边追溯到140年前,看看它是如何被命名的。

1879年,英国神经病学家威廉·理查德·高尔斯爵士(Sir William Richard Gowers)详细描述了这一体征,指出该现象常见于假肥大性肌肉麻痹(现在的Duchenne muscle dystrophy,DMD)的患者当中。事实上,该现象可以出现于任何累及骨盆带肌或下肢无力的疾病,如Beker 肌营养不良、其他肢带型肌营养不良等疾病,所占比例如下图所示。

 

img

 

为了纪念这一发现,后人将此现象称为Gowers sign。但实际上,高尔斯爵士并不是第一个注意到该现象的人,之前还有包括 Duchenne 本人都曾描述过该现象,为何以他的名字命名? 

从140年前的原文当中,感受一下高爵爷的犀利观察: 

You see that he is quiteunable to rise without assistance. If a little aid be afforded him he helpshimself in a very peculiar way — by putting his hands upon his knees, and thengrasping his thighs higher and higher, and so by   climbing uphis thighs, he apparently pushes his trunk up.


在他编写的第一版《神经病学手册》上,描述的更加详细(懒人不看版请直接下拉): 

The distribution of the weakness in the legs causes certainpeculiar defects of movement which are very characteristic, and some are evenall but pathognomonic of the disease. The difficulty in going upstairs is especially due to the weakness of theextensors of the knee and hip. The defect of the extensors of the hip causesthe gait to have a peculiar oscillating character, in which the body is so inclinedas to bring the centre of gravity over each foot, on which the patientsuccessively throws his weight, because the weak gluteus medius cannotcounteract the inclination towards the leg that is off the ground, unless the balance is exact. The greatest defect,however, is in the power of rising from the floor, and the most characteristic peculiarity is the mode in whichthis is achieved, if it be still possible, and no objects near, by which thepatient can aid himself. He commonly has not sufficient power to extend the knees when the weight of the trunk is onthe upper extremity of the femur, which is then a lever in which power, appliedbetween the fulcrum and the weight, acts at least advantage. He thereforeplaces his hands on his knees, his arms thus bring much of the weight of the upperpart of the trunk on the femur close to the fulcrum, between this and thepower, which can then act at greater advantage. When the knees are extended,the power of the extensors of the hip may be sufficient to raise the body into the upright position, or the patientmay aid them by an  upward push with thehand as he takes it off. If,however, these extensors are weak, the hands are often moved higher and higherup the thighs, grasping alternately, and thus pushing up the trunk. To get thusthe requisite support, the knees must not be quite extended, and if theirextensors have no power, the device cannot be employed, and the patient isaltogether unable to rise. In many cases, especially when extension of the hipis easy, the patient achieves the extension of the knees in another way; heputs the hands on the ground, stretches out the legs behind him far apart, andthen, the chief weight of the trunk resting on the hands, by keeping the toeson the ground and pushing the body backwards, he manages to get the kneesextended, until the trunk is supported by the hands and feet, all placed aswidely apart as possible. Next the hands are moved alternately along the groundbackwards, so as to bring a larger portion of the weight of the trunk over thelegs. Then one hand is placed upon the knee, and a push with this, and with theother hand on the ground, is sufficient to enable the extensors of the hip tobring the trunk into the upright position. (W. R.Gowers, 1886a, pp. 391–392)

为了节省大家时间,我用CET-6的水平翻译编辑了过来,结合着视频大家将就着感受一下,看看和你心里所想的描述是否一致:

双腿无力会导致非常有特征性的运动障碍,甚至可以确诊某些疾病。爬楼梯费力主要是因为膝和臀部伸肌无力。臀部伸肌无力会导致有着特殊摆动的步态,因为(支撑脚)的臀中肌无力,无法抵抗移动脚离地之后身体重心的倾斜,每一步必须把重心全部移动到支撑脚上,直到达到平衡,才能迈出另一只脚。从卧位站起的能力明显受损,在没有任何物体帮助的情况下,患者可以通过这种方式帮助自己站起来。他的膝盖伸肌没有足够的力量支撑上身重量,所以股骨作为一个杠杆,在支点和重量的分配上起了关键作用。因此他把手放在膝盖上,让上肢尽可能的靠近股骨这个杠杆,充分的发挥股骨头这个支点对重量的支撑作用。当膝盖充分伸展是,臀部和腰腹部的肌肉力量足以让他们站起,如果不行,可以靠双手顺着大腿一点一点爬把躯干支撑起来。如果膝盖伸肌没有充分的力量伸展,他们会先趴在地上,双脚尽可能的分开,以此为支点,把重心放在双上肢,将躯干推向后方,直至膝盖伸展,直至上身大部分重量都倚靠在下肢之后,然后把手放在膝盖上,双手撑住大腿,交替上移,撑起上身。

听上去可能很晦涩,这个动作类似于老式的雨伞打开的方式,一个示意图方便理解。

img

因为正常人上身重量是不容易被感知的。大家想象一下自己从椅子上起来,首先身子前倾,继而下肢发力,伸展膝盖,腰臀发力,竖直上身,好像很轻松。而这种患者首先第一步前倾就有可能腰腹肌力量不够而一头栽下去,膝盖伸肌没有足够的力气站起而随着前倾的上身跪在地上。爬楼梯很累的时候,我们也会把手撑在支撑脚上借力来减少腰臀的发力。包括徒步、登山时的手杖可以减轻下肢30%的重量,依靠的都是借上肢力量来支撑躯干,减少下肢的负重。

emmmm,扯远了。

这分明就是一篇500字的小作文嘛……只描述了一个不到30秒的动作。直至今天看到这些文字,我们仍然感叹于高爵爷犀利的观察,近乎解剖刀一样的对现象和原理的详尽描述。

相比而言,肌电图的祖师爷,DMD的命名者 Duchenne de Boulogne也发现了这一体征,但他的描述就相对简单了一些:

Supported, he could walk, but laboriously, spreading his legs and inclining histrunk with each step to the side of the lower extremity which rested on theground. These efforts (standing and walking) tired him enormously and could notbe kept up but for short duration.(Duchenne & Bick, 1965, p. 5)

更早的还有Sir Charles Bell (1774–1842)在1830年对此现象就有记载。

但他们一是不如高爵爷描述的详尽,二是并没有提出其临床意义,故而并没有流传下来被世界公认。

1914年,达尔文的三儿子弗朗西斯爵士在加尔顿的演讲中,针对此事有如下非常精辟的观点,可以说很好的回答了上面的问题:

In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, notto the man to whom the idea first occurs. Not the man who finds a grain of new and precious quality but to him who sows it, reaps it, grinds it and feeds the world on it. (Darwin, 1914, p.9)

注:在科学领域,某一项新观点(的确立)应该归功于说服世界认识它的人,而非首先想到它的人。(功劳)不应属于第一个发现新奇而珍贵粮食的人,而是播种它,收获它并把它喂养给全世界的人。

其实严谨、低调的高爵爷留给我们的财富远不止Gowers sign,远不止对临床现象细腻精准的描述,还有在当时封为“神经病学圣经的”《Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System 》,著名而抽象的脊髓小脑前束,考试必考的Foster-Kennedy Syndrome,以及他对于用人名命名医学发现的态度,无一不是值得长篇大论的功绩,限于篇幅和内容,有机会再谈。

多说几句,高爵爷很排斥以人名命名某种医学发现,这种现象在医学史上由来已久,也饱受争议。无疑,拿今天的Gowers征来说,这样的命名能够唤起一些年轻医生的兴趣,去主动了解姓名背后的故事,这就够了。

医学是枯燥的,要培养兴趣,学习起来才会轻松有趣。那么兴趣从哪里来,我觉得这是一个很好的途径。

参考资料:

1.Nadeem Toodayan (2015): A convenient “inconvenience”: The eponymous legacy of Sir William Richard Gowers (1845–1915), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.

2.Clin Orthop Relat Res (2012) 470:1987–1991 

3.下边链接这篇文章,可以看到不同时期、不同程度的Gowers征,方便早期发现和诊断。

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3369091/

最后编辑于 2019-06-21 · 浏览 2.5 万

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