什么叫parental administration

Glutamine is:</?xml:namespace>

A.  An essential amino acid which cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities during periods of stress

B.  Involved in immunefunctions, but not the production of heat shock proteins

C. Associated with a decrease in gram-negative bacteremia with parental administration

D.  Contraindicated in critically ill patients

E.  Classified as a branch-chain-amino acids and should be given to patientswith liver failure

C. Glutamine is an amino acid that serves as the primary fuel for small bowel enterocytes and other rapidly proliferating cells, such as cells in wounds. It is classified as a nonessential amino acid because the human body can synthesize it in sufficient quantities. Yet, during periods of stress, the body’s requirements may exceed its capacity to synthesize glutamine. Glutamine is involved in many immune functions, including the production of heat shock proteins. Studies have shown that supplementation with glutamine may lead to a decrease in nosocomial infections in patients with systemic inflammatory response and a decrease in pneumonia, sepsis, and bacteremia in trauma patients. Parenterally administered glutamine has been  associated  with  a decrease in gram-negative bacteremia. Thus, the addition of glutamine to enteral nutrition has been recommended for burn, trauma, and other intensive care unit (ICU) patients.