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《The Art of Public Speaking》读书笔记

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《The Art of Public Speaking, 12th Edition(演讲的艺术)》

Part One  Speaking and Listening

1  Speaking in Public

2  Ethics and Public Speaking

3  Listening

4  Giving Your First Speech

Part Two  Speech Preparation: Getting Started

5  Selecting a Topic and a Purpose

6  Analyzing the Audience

7  Gathering Materials

8  Supporting Your Ideas

Part Three  Speech Preparation: Organizing and Outlining

9  Organizing the Body of the Speech

10  Beginning and Ending the Speech

11  Outlining the Speech

Part Four  Presenting the Speech

12  Using Language

13  Delivery

14  Using Visual Aids

Part Five  Varieties of Public Speaking

15  Speaking to Inform

16  Speaking to Persuade

17  Methods of Persuation

18  Speaking on Special Occasions

19  Speaking in Small Groups

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Part One  Speaking and Listening

 

Chapter 1  Speaking in Public

 

1  Developing Confidence

 

1.1  Nervousness is normal

*Jerry Seinfeld said: "Given a choice, at a funeral most of us would rather be the one in the coffin than the one giving the eulogy."

It is perfectly normal--even desirable--to be nervous at the start of a speech. Your body is responding as it would to any stressful situation--by producing extra adrenaline.

 

1.2  Dealing with nervousness

Don't think of yourself as having stage fright. Instead, think of it as "stage excitement" or "stage enthusiasm." It can help you get focused and energized.

 

1.2.1  Acquire speaking experience

For most students, the biggest part of stage fright is fear of the unknown. The more you learn about public speaking and the more speeches you give, the less threatening speechmaking will become.

 

1.2.2  Prepare, prepare, prepare

Another key to gaining confidence is to pick speech topics you truly care about--and then to prepare your speeches so thoroughly that you cannot help but be successful.

A standard rule of thumb is that each minute of speaking time requires one to two hours of preparation time--perhaps more, depending on the amount of research needed for the speech.

 

1.2.3  Think positively

Confidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking. If you think you can do it, you usually can.  

For each negative thought, you should counter with a minimum of five positive ones. Doing so will not make your nerves go away completely, but it will help them under control so you can concentrate on communicating your ideas rather than on brooding about your fears and anxieties.

 

1.2.4  Use the power of visualization

The key to visualization is creating a vivid mental blueprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech. Picture yourself in your classroom rising to speak. See yourself at the lectern, poised and self-assured, making eye contact with your audience and delivering your introduction in a firm, clear voice. Feel your confidence growing as your listeners get more and more caught up in what you are saying. Imagine your sense of achievement as you conclude the speech knowing you have done your very best.

As with your physical rehearsal of the speech, this kind of mental rehearsal should be repeated several times in the days before you speak.

 

1.2.5  Know that most nervousness is not visible

Your nervous system  may be giving you a thousand shocks, but the viewer can see only a few of them.

 

1.2.6  Don't expect perfection

  • Several tips for dealing with nervousness:

  • Be at your best physically and mentally. A good night's sleep will serve you better.

  • As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.

  • Take a couple of slow, deep breaths before you start to speak.

  • Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speaker's anxiety level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 to 60 seconds of a presentation. Once you get through the introduction, you should find smoother sailing the rest of the way.

  • Make eye contact with members of your audience.

  • Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright.

  • Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and make you feel less self-conscious.

 

2  The Speech Communication Process


2.1  Speaker

Your success as a speaker depends on you—on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject, your preparation of the speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the occasion. But successful speaking also requires enthusiasm.

You can't expect people to be interested in what you say unless you are interested yourself. If you are truly excited about your subject, your audience is almost sure to get excited along with you. You can learn all the techniques of effective speechmaking, but before they can be of much use, you must first have something to say—something that sparks your own enthusiasm.

 

2.2  Message

Getting the verbal message just right requires work. You must narrow your topic down to something you can discuss adequately in the time allowed for the speech. You must do research and choose supporting details to make your ideas clear and convincing. You must organize your ideas so listeners can follow them without getting lost. And you must express your message in words that are accurate, clear, vivid, and appropriate.

Besides the message you send with words, you send a message with your tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact.

One of your jobs as a speaker is to make sure your nonverbal message does not distract from your verbal message.

 

2.3  Channel

The channel is the means by which a message is communicated.

 

2.4  Listener

Because people have different frames of reference, a public speaker must take great care to adapt the message to the particular audience being addressed. To be an effective speaker, you must be audience-centered. You will quickly lose your listeners' attention if your presentation is either too basic or too sophisticated. You will also lose your audience if you do not relate to their experience, interests, knowledge, and values. When you make a speech that causes listeners to say “That is important to me,” you will almost always be successful.

 

2.5  Feedback

In public speaking there is plenty of feedback to let you know how your message is being received. As a speaker, you need to be alert to these reactions and adjust your message accordingly.

Like any kind of communication, feedback is affected by one's frame of reference.

 

2.6  Interference

Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message. In public speaking there are two kinds of interference, external and internal

 

2.7  Situation

The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

2018-08-17 22:22
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Chapter 2  Ethics and Public Speaking

 

1  Guidelines for ethical speaking

 

1.1  Make sure your goals are ethically sound

 

1.2  Be fully prepared for each speech

"A speech is a solemn responsibility." --Jenkin Lloyd

You have an obligation--to yourself and to your listeners--to prepare fully every time you stand in front of an audience.

The better you prepare, the better your speech will be.

Being prepared for a speech involves everything from analyzing your audience to creating visual aids, organizing your ideas to rehearsing your delivery. Most crucial from an ethical standpoint, though, is being fully informed about your subject. Why is this so important?

As a speaker, you have an ethical responsibility to consider that impact and to make sure you prepare fully so as not to communicate erroneous information or misleading advice.

 

1.3  Be honest in what you say

Nothing is more important to ethical speechmaking than honesty. Public speaking rests on the unspoken assumption that “words can be trusted and people will be truthful.” Without this assumption, there is no basis for communication, no reason for one person to believe anything that another person says.

 

1.4  Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language

 

1.5  Put ethical principles into practice


 

2  Plagiarism

 

2.1  Global plagiarism整体剽窃

Global plagiarism is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own.

The best way to avoid this is not to leave your speech until the last minute. If you fail to get your speech ready on time, do not succumb to the lure of plagiarism. Whatever penalty you suffer from being late will pale in comparison with the consequences if you are caught plagiarizing.

 

2.2  Patchwork plagiarism拼凑剽窃

Patchwork plagiarism occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.

You may be thinking, "Not many students are experts on their speech topics. Why should they be expected to come up with new ideas that even the experts haven't thought of?”

The answer is they aren't. The key is not whether you have something absolutely original to say, but whether you do enough research and thinking to come up with your own slant on the topic.

One key to averting patchwork plagiarism is to start working on your speech as soon as possible. The longer you work on it, the more apt you are to come up with your own approach. It is also vital to consult a large number of sources in your research. If you have only two or three sources, you are far more likely to fall into the trap of patchwork plagiarism than if you consult a wide range of research materials.

 

2.3  Incremental plagiarism局部剽窃

It occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people. The most important of these increments are quotations and paraphrases.

 

2.3.1  Quotations引用

Whenever you quote someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person.

 

2.3.2  Paraphrases改述

There are two ways to guard against incremental plagiarism. The first is to be careful when taking research notes to distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrased material, and your own comments. The second way to avoid incremental plagiarism is, when in doubt, cite your source.

 

2.4  Plagiarism and the Internet

One way to avoid patchwork plagiarism or incremental plagiarism when working with the Internet is to take careful research notes. Make sure you keep a record of the following: (1) the title of the Internet document, (2) the author or organization responsible for the document, (3) the date on which the document was last updated, (4) the date on which you accessed the site. You will need all this information for your speech bibliography.

You will also need to identify your Internet sources when you present the speech. You need to specify the author and the Web site. Keep in mind that providing such citations is one of your ethical responsibilities as a public speaker.

 

3  Guidelines for ethical listening

 

3.1  Be courteous and attentive

When you listen to speeches in class, give your fellow students the same courtesy and attention you want from them. Come to class prepared to listen to—and to learn from—your classmates' speeches. As you listen, be conscious of the feedback you are sending the speaker. Sit up in your chair rather than slouching; maintain eye contact with the speaker; show support and encouragement in your facial expressions. Keep in mind the power you have as a listener over the speaker's confidence and composure, and exercise that power with a strong sense of ethical responsibility.

 

3.2  Avoid prejudging the speaker

This does not mean you must agree with every speaker you hear. Your aim is to listen carefully to the speaker's ideas, to assess the evidence and reasoning offered in support of those ideas, and to reach an intelligent judgment about the speech.

 

3.3  Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

It is important to keep in mind that ensuring a person's freedom to express her or his ideas does not imply agreement with those ideas. You can disagree entirely with the message but still support the speaker's right to express it.

2018-08-18 09:22
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Chapter 3  Listening

 

1  Four Causes of Poor Listening

  • Not concentrating

  • Listening too hard

  • Jumping to conclusions

  • Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

 

2  How to Become a Better Listener

 

2.1  Take listening seriously

Like any other skill, good listening comes from practice and self-discipline. Check your current skills as a listener by completing the Listening Self-Evaluation Worksheet. Once you have identified your shortcomings as a listener, make a serious effort to overcome them.

 

2.2  Be an active listener

Active listeners give their undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand his or her point of view. In conversation, they do not interrupt the speaker or finish his or her sentences. When listening to a speech, they do not allow themselves to be distracted by internal or external interference, and they do not prejudge the speaker. They take listening seriously and do the best they can to stay focused on the speaker and his or her message.

 

2.3  Resist distractions

Whenever you find this happening, make a conscious effort to pull your mind back to what the speaker is saying. Then force it to stay there. One way to do this is to think ahead of the speaker—try to anticipate what will come next. In this case you will listen—and measure what the speaker says against what you had anticipated.

Another way to keep your mind on a speech is to review mentally what the speaker has already said and make sure you understand it. Yet another is to listen between the lines and assess what a speaker implies verbally or says nonverbally with body language.

 

2.4  Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery

 

2.5  Suspend judgment

Does this mean you must agree with everything you hear? Not at all. It means you should hear people out before reaching a final judgment. Try to understand their point of view. Listen to their ideas, examine their evidence, assess their reasoning. Then make up your mind. The aim of active listening is to set aside "one's own prejudices, frames of reference, and desires so as to experience as far as possible the speaker's world from the inside." It has been said more than once that a closed mind is an empty mind.

 

2.6  Focus your listening

 

2.6.1  Listen for main points

 

2.6.2  Listen for evidence

 

2.6.3  Listen for technique

As you listen, focus on the speaker's strengths and weaknesses. If the speaker is not effective, try to determine why. If he or she is effective, try to pick out techniques you can use in your own speeches.

 

2.7  Develop note-taking skills

Most students find the key-word outline best for listening to classroom lectures and formal speeches.

2018-08-19 18:03
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