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【资讯翻译】新婚夫妇的直觉反应可预测婚姻幸福与否

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原文链接：http://www.nature.com/news/newlyweds-gut-feelings-predict-marital-happiness-1.14261
Newlyweds' gut feelings predict marital happiness
Four-year study shows that split-second reactions foretell future satisfaction
The gut may know better than the head whether a marriage will be smooth sailing or will hit the rocks after the honeymoon fades, according to research published today in Science¹.
Researchers have long known that new love can be blind, and that those in the midst of it can harbour positive illusions about their sweetheart and their future. Studies show that new couples rate their partner particularly generously, forgetting his or her bad qualities, and generally view their relationship as more likely to succeed than average². But newlyweds are also under a lot of conscious pressure to be happy — or, at least, to think they are.
Now a four-year study of 135 young couples has found that split-second, 'visceral' reactions about their partner are important, too. The results show that these automatic attitudes, which aren’t nearly as rosy as the more deliberate ones, can predict eventual changes in people’s marital happiness, perhaps even more so than the details that people consciously admit.
The researchers, led by psychologist James McNulty of Florida State University in Tallahassee, tapped into these implicit attitudes by seeing how fast newlyweds could correctly classify positively and negatively themed words after being primed by a photo of their spouse for a fraction of a second. If seeing a blink-of-the-eye flash of a partner’s face conjures up immediate, positive gut-level associations, for example, the participant will be quicker to report that 'awesome' is a positive word and slower to report that 'awful' is a negative one. Researchers used the difference between these two reaction times as a measurement of a participant’s automatic reaction.
Satisfaction slide
After measuring these initial gut reactions, the team checked in with the couples every six months for four years and found, perhaps predictably, that marital satisfaction tended to slide for everyone as the 'honeymoon' phase wore off. But participants who had more negative gut-level attitudes about their partner soon after the wedding saw their happiness drop faster than those who had more positive automatic reactions, and the more positive group experienced less of an eventual drop-off in happiness. Although by Nature's calculation the split-second attitudes explained only about 2% of the differences in people’s happiness, the effect was enough to be statistically significant, holding equally for men and women, even when controlling for other factors such as physical attractiveness, self-esteem and people’s automatic reactions to attractive strangers.
Conversely, newlyweds’ explicit attitudes towards their marriage did not correlate with their implicit attitudes, and did not significantly predict how much their happiness would change. “If we have negative gut-level reactions to our partners, we might not be willing to admit that to ourselves and certainly not to other people,” McNulty says. “This procedure allowed us to tap into more immediate responses.”
“The findings are certainly plausible and intriguing,” says psychologist Garth Fletcher at Victoria University of Wellington. “But they need to be placed in the context of other research.” Although the study failed to find a significant effect for explicit attitudes, he says, much previous research has shown that explicit attitudes and perceptions of the partner and the relationship can strongly predict how long a marriage will last.
Moreover, cause-and-effect mechanisms in the study are not entirely clear: some research suggests that automatic attitudes could be what's causing the marriage to falter or thrive, rather than the other way around, says social psychologist Bertram Gawronski of the University of Western Ontario in Canada. When we are confronted with a partner’s inscrutable facial expression, for example, a positive gut-level reaction will probably lead us to interpret it as a smile rather than a grimace, and by responding in a similarly cheerful manner we elicit positive behaviour, thus creating a self-fulfilling prophecy, he says.
Underlying qualities
If it turns out that gut-level reactions do change people’s behaviour, there is potential for a therapeutic application, McNulty says. Research has shown, for example, that it is possible to reduce implicit racist attitudes in white participants through repeated exposure to strategically paired positive words and images of black people³. “If this does have an active causal role, and if we can strengthen these positive associations that people might have with their partner, then it might help people see the positive side of the relationship and engage in more constructive behaviour. It’s a direction for future research.”
Future extensions might also support the pop-psychology canard to “just trust your gut” when it comes to marriage, McNulty says. Research has shown, for instance, that when people are instructed, “tell the truth” but at the same time “don’t think so hard”, they end up making more accurate self-assessments than they would otherwise⁴. This seems to be because these automatic attitudes emerge as semi-conscious gut feelings, McNulty says. “It’s information we can access, but we frequently choose not to.”

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xxll2006 编辑于 2013-11-30 19:15

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2013-11-29 13:32

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Newlyweds' gutfeelings predict marital happiness
新婚夫妇的直觉可预测婚姻将会幸福与否
Four-year studyshows that split-second reactions foretell future satisfaction
一个为期四年的研究显示：瞬间的感觉可预测未来（婚姻）的满意度
The gut may knowbetter than the head whether a marriage will be smooth sailing or will hit therocks after the honeymoon fades, according to research published today inScience.
根据今天《Science》发表的研究，直觉可能比大脑更了解，在蜜月（恩爱）褪去后，婚姻究竟是一帆风顺，还是四处触礁。
Researchers havelong known that new love can be blind, and that those in the midst of it can harbourpositive illusions about their sweetheart and their future.
研究人员很早之前就知道刚坠入爱河的人可能是盲目的。这样刚坠爱河的盲目会滋生对爱人以及未来的美好幻想。
Studies showthat new couples rate their partner particularly generously, forgetting his orher bad qualities, and generally view their relationship as more likely tosucceed than average.
研究显示新婚的夫妇常过高的评价对方，而忽视他或她的缺点；并且常认为他们的婚姻将比普通人成功。
But newlywedsare also under a lot of conscious pressure to be happy — or, at least, to thinkthey are.
当然新婚的夫妇也常处于巨大的人为压力下，而迫使他们感到幸福，或至少让他们觉得他们是幸福的。
Now a four-yearstudy of 135 young couples has found that split-second, 'visceral' reactionsabout their partner are important, too.
现在一个对135对年轻新婚夫妇为期四年的研究发现：瞬间发生地对伴侣“发自肺腑的”感觉也十分重要。
The results showthat these automatic attitudes, which aren’t nearly as rosy as the moredeliberate ones, can predict eventual changes in people’s marital happiness,perhaps even more so than the details that people consciously admit.
这些研究研究显示，无意识的感觉常没有深思熟虑的得出来的结论美好，却总能预测人们婚姻幸福的最后结果。（这种趋势）也许甚至比人们愿意承认的更明显。
The researchers,led by psychologist James McNulty of Florida State University in Tallahassee,tapped into these implicit attitudes by seeing how fast newlyweds couldcorrectly classify positively and negatively themed words after being primed bya photo of their spouse for a fraction of a second.
该研究团队由Tallahassee（塔拉哈西，美国佛罗里达州首府）的佛罗里达州立大学心理学家James McNulty领导。他们通过（如下方法）来研究这些潜在的感觉：先给新婚夫妇看一瞬间配偶的照片，然后观察新婚夫妇需要多少时间才能正确判断出单词的是正面的还是负面的。
If seeing ablink-of-the-eye flash of a partner’s face conjures up immediate, positivegut-level associations, for example, the participant will be quicker to reportthat 'awesome' is a positive word and slower to report that 'awful' is anegative one.
如果看一瞬间配偶面容（的作用）立即起效，那么如果是正性直觉联系，参与者会更快地回答“awesome”是正面的单词，同时更慢的回答“awful”是一个负面的单词。
Researchers usedthe difference between these two reaction times as a measurement of aparticipant’s automatic reaction.
研究人员根据这两种反应（各自的）时间差异来衡量参与者的无意识感觉。
Satisfactionslide
满意度下滑
After measuringthese initial gut reactions, the team checked in with the couples every sixmonths for four years and found, perhaps predictably, that marital satisfactiontended to slide for everyone as the 'honeymoon' phase wore off.
研究团队首先测量了参与者直觉的基线，然后每个夫妇每6个月记录一次，共记录4年。他们发现，每个人在蜜月期逐渐消逝时，婚姻满意度都有下滑趋势，当然这或许是可预测地。
But participantswho had more negative gut-level attitudes about their partner soon after thewedding saw their happiness drop faster than those who had more positiveautomatic reactions, and the more positive group experienced less of aneventual drop-off in happiness.
但是，对配偶有更多负性直觉的参与者，在结婚后立即出现，幸福指数比有拥有更多正性无意识感觉的参与者下降更快的情况。并且，正性直觉越多的组最后的幸福指数下降越少。
Although byNature's calculation the split-second attitudes explained only about 2% of thedifferences in people’s happiness, the effect was enough to be statisticallysignificant, holding equally for men and women, even when controlling for otherfactors such as physical attractiveness, self-esteem and people’s automaticreactions to attractive strangers.
尽管根据《nature》杂志的计算（注：这篇研究文章发表于《science》杂志，但是本评论文章是发表于《Nature》杂志，本段后面部分是《Nature》的一些计算结果），这个瞬间的感觉只能解释人们幸福度差异的约2%。但是，即使在控制其他因素：如外表吸引力、自尊以及人们对有魅力的陌生人的无意识感觉的情况下，这个效果对不管男性还是女性，已足够（使研究）具有统计学差异。
Conversely,newlyweds’ explicit attitudes towards their marriage did not correlate withtheir implicit attitudes, and did not significantly predict how much theirhappiness would change.
相反地，新婚夫妇对于他们婚姻的外显态度与他们的内隐态度没有相关性，并且不能预有效预测他们幸福度的改变程度。
“If we have negative gut-level reactions toour partners, we might not be willing to admit that to ourselves and certainlynot to other people,” McNulty says. “This procedure allowed us to tap into moreimmediate responses.”
“如果我们对配偶具有负性直觉，我们自己一般不愿承认，当然更不会告诉其他人，”McNulty说，“这种方法（本研究的研究方法）使我们能挖掘更多的即时感受。”
“The findings are certainly plausible and intriguing,” sayspsychologist Garth Fletcher at Victoria University of Wellington. “But theyneed to be placed in the context of other research.”
“这些结果明显可信并且很有趣，”惠灵顿维多利亚大学心理学家Garth Fletcher说， “但是他们还需要在其他实验条件下验证。”
Although the studyfailed to find a significant effect for explicit attitudes, he says, muchprevious research has shown that explicit attitudes and perceptions of thepartner and the relationship can strongly predict how long a marriage willlast.
虽然这个实验没能找到外显态度的显著效果，他说，但是大量以前的研究都显示对配偶及婚姻的外显态度和外显认知能有效的预测婚姻的持续时间。
Moreover,cause-and-effect mechanisms in the study are not entirely clear: some researchsuggests that automatic attitudes could be what's causing the marriage tofalter or thrive, rather than the other way around, says social psychologistBertram Gawronski of the University of Western Ontario in Canada.
此外，这个实验中的因果关系也没完全搞清楚：一些研究认为无意识的感觉可能是婚姻破裂或圆满的原因，而不是结果，加拿大西安大略大学社会心理学家Bertram Gawronski说。
When we areconfronted with a partner’s inscrutable facial expression, for example, apositive gut-level reaction will probably lead us to interpret it as a smilerather than a grimace, and by responding in a similarly cheerful manner weelicit positive behaviour, thus creating a self-fulfilling prophecy, he says.
举个例子，当我们面对伴侣模棱两可的面部表情时，正性的直觉会使我们认为它是微笑而不是鬼脸。通过类似的积极方式我们总引出正面的行为，这样创造出自我应验的预言，他补充道。
Underlyingqualities
潜在特质
If it turns outthat gut-level reactions do change people’s behaviour, there is potential for atherapeutic application, McNulty says.
McNulty说，如果结果显示直觉反应确实能改变人们的行为，它将可能被用于治疗。
Research hasshown, for example, that it is possible to reduce implicit racist attitudes inwhite participants through repeated exposure to strategically paired positivewords and images of black people3.
例如，一些研究已表明：通过将（参与者）反复暴露在正面词汇与黑人图片的组合中，可能会减少白人参与者无意识的种族歧视态度。
“If this doeshave an active causal role, and if we can strengthen these positiveassociations that people might have with their partner, then it might helppeople see the positive side of the relationship and engage in more constructivebehaviour. It’s a direction for future research.”
“如果它真有效地起 “因”的角色，同时我们也能强化人们与配偶的正性联系，这样我们或许能帮助人们看到婚姻的积极一面，并做出更多有助益的行为。这将是以后的一个研究方向。”
Futureextensions might also support the pop-psychology canard to “just trust yourgut” when it comes to marriage, McNulty says.
McNulty还补充到：当谈及婚姻时，未来的发展或许还会支持流行心理学的一个谣言“跟着感觉走”。
Research hasshown, for instance, that when people are instructed, “tell the truth” but atthe same time “don’t think so hard”, they end up making more accurateself-assessments than they would otherwise.
例如，某研究显示，当人们被告知：“讲真话”的同时“不要多想”，人们最后总会比其他情况下做更精确的自我评价。
This seems to bebecause these automatic attitudes emerge as semi-conscious gut feelings,McNulty says. “It’s information we can access, but we frequently choose notto.”
这可能是因为这些无意识的态度以半意识的直觉出现。McNulty最后说：“这是我们能触及的信息，但是我们一般情况下都选择不触及。”

2013-11-30 12:07

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新婚夫妇的直觉可预测婚姻将会幸福与否
——为期四年的研究显示：瞬间的感觉可预测未来（婚姻）的满意度
（《科学》杂志研究发现直觉可预测婚姻的结局。）
根据，今天《科学》杂志发表的一项研究，直觉可能比大脑更了解，在蜜月（恩爱）褪去后，婚姻究竟是一帆风顺，还是四处触礁（引自：2013年11月29日，Though They May BeUnaware,Newlyweds Implicitly Know Whether Their Marriage Will Be Satisfying，PUBMED:暂未收录。）。
（新婚的人常因盲目及其他原因而对婚姻关系有不切实际的幸福幻想。）
研究人员很早之前，就知道刚坠入爱河的人可能是盲目的。这样，刚坠爱河的盲目，会滋生对爱人以及对未来的美好幻想。研究显示新婚的夫妇常过高的评价对方，而忽视他或她的缺点；并且常认为他们的婚姻将会比普通人成功[1]。当然新婚的夫妇也常处于巨大的人为压力下，而迫使他们感到幸福，或至少让他们觉得他们是幸福的。
（直觉比深思熟虑的思考得出的结论严酷，但是客观准确。）
现在，一个对135对年轻新婚夫妇为期四年的研究发现：瞬间发生地对伴侣“发自肺腑的”感觉也十分重要。这些研究研究显示，无意识的感觉常没有深思熟虑的得出来的结论美好，却总能预测人们婚姻幸福的最终结果。（这种趋势）也许甚至比人们愿意承认的更明显。
（James McNulty研究团队通过让参与者先看配偶图片，再让他们判断单词词性的方法衡量直觉。）
该研究团队由Tallahassee（塔拉哈西，美国佛罗里达州首府）的佛罗里达州立大学心理学家 James McNulty领导。他们通过（如下方法）来研究这些潜在的感觉：先给新婚夫妇看一瞬间配偶的照片，然后观察新婚夫妇需要多少时间才能正确判断出单词的是正面的还是负面的。如果看一瞬间配偶面容（的作用）立即起效，那么如果是正性直觉联系，参与者会更快地回答“awesome”是正面的单词，同时更慢的回答“awful”是一个负面的单词。研究人员根据这两种反应（各自的）时间差异来衡量参与者的无意识感觉。
满意度下滑
（结果显示蜜月过后，婚姻满意度都会下降，但有正性直觉者下降少。该结果即使控制变量后，对男女都有统计学差异。）
研究团队首先测量了参与者直觉的基线，然后每个夫妇每6个月记录一次，共记录4年。他们发现，每个人在蜜月期逐渐消逝时，婚姻满意度都有下滑趋势，当然这或许是可预测地。但是，对配偶有更多负性直觉的参与者，在结婚后立即出现，幸福指数比有拥有更多正性无意识感觉的参与者下降更快的情况。并且，正性直觉越多的组最后的幸福指数下降越少。尽管根据《自然》杂志的计算（注：这个地点理解起来有点问题。原因是：这篇研究文章发表于《科学》杂志，但是本评论文章是发表于《自然》杂志，本段后面部分是《自然》的一些计算结果。），这个瞬间的感觉只能解释人们幸福度差异的约2%。但是，即使在控制其他因素：如外表吸引力、自尊、以及人们对有魅力的陌生人的无意识感觉，的情况下，这个效果对不管男性还是女性，已足够（使研究）具有统计学差异。
（外显态度与直觉无关，且不能预测婚姻的未来。）
相反地，新婚夫妇对于他们婚姻的外显态度与他们的内隐态度没有相关性，并且不能预有效预测他们幸福度的改变程度。“如果我们对配偶具有负性直觉，我们自己一般不愿承认，当然更不会告诉其他人，”McNulty说，“这种方法（本研究的研究方法）使我们能挖掘更多的即时感受。”
（心理学家Garth Fletcher评论这个结果可信，但是需要更多实验证实）
“这些结果明显可信并且很有趣，”惠灵顿维多利亚大学心理学家Garth Fletcher说，“但是他们还需要在其他实验条件下验证。”虽然这个实验没能找到外显态度的显著效果，他说，但是大量以前的研究都显示对配偶及婚姻的外显态度和外显认知能有效的预测婚姻的持续时间。
（心理学家Bertram Gawronski评论该实验的因果关系还未定，直觉可也是因，也可以是果。）
此外，这个实验中的因果关系也没完全搞清楚：一些研究认为无意识的感觉可能是婚姻破裂或圆满的原因，而不是结果。加拿大西安大略大学社会心理学家Bertram Gawronski说。举个例子，当我们面对伴侣模棱两可的面部表情时，正性的直觉会使我们认为它是微笑而不是鬼脸。通过类似的积极方式我们总引出正面的行为，这样创造出自我应验的预言，他补充道。
潜在特质
（McNulty说如果直觉是因，它将可以被用于临床治疗。目前已有类似研究结果发表。）
McNulty说，如果结果显示直觉确实能改变人们的行为，它将可能被用于治疗。例如，一些研究已表明：通过将（参与者）反复暴露在正面词汇与黑人图片的组合中，可能会减少白人参与者无意识的种族歧视态度[2]。“如果它真有效地起 “因”的角色，同时我们也能强化人们与配偶的正性联系，这样我们或许能帮助人们看到婚姻的积极一面，并做出更多有助益的行为。这将是以后的一个研究方向。”
（McNulty补充到“跟着感觉走”将来或许不是谣言。）
McNulty还补充到：当谈及婚姻时，未来的发展或许还会支持流行心理学的一个谣言“跟着感觉走”。例如，某研究显示，当人们被告知：“讲真话”的同时“不要多想”，人们最后总会比其他情况下做更精确的自我评价[3]。这可能是因为这些无意识的态度以半意识的直觉出现。McNulty最后说：“这是我们能触及的信息，但是我们一般情况下都选择不触及。”
1. Fletcher GJ, Kerr PS (2010) Through theeyes of love: reality and illusion in intimate relationships. Psychologicalbulletin 136:627-658
2. Olson MA, Fazio RH (2006) Reducingautomatically activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluativeconditioning. Personality & social psychology bulletin 32:421-433
3. Olson MA, Fazio RH, Hermann AD (2007)Reporting tendencies underlie discrepancies between implicit and explicitmeasures of self-esteem. Psychological science 18:287-291

2013-11-30 13:06

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myhuyong 编辑于 2013-11-30 13:42

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