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【medical-news】世卫将猪流感警告级别从3级提高到4级并就限制旅行和贸易、甚至关闭边境等发布建议。

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W.H.O. Issues Higher Alert on Swine Flu, With Advice
Published: April 27, 2009

While confirmed cases of swine flu increased only slightly on Monday, the World Health Organization voted to raise its global pandemic flu alert level, but at the same time it recommended that borders not be closed nor travel bans imposed.

The W.H.O.’s emergency committee, after meeting until 10:30 p.m. in Geneva, also recommended abandoning efforts to contain the flu’s spread.

“Because the virus is already quite widespread in different locations, containment is not a feasible option,” said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the organization’s deputy director general.

The W.H.O. also recommended that vaccine makers keep making the seasonal flu vaccine instead of switching over to a new one that matches the swine flu strain, but it urged them to start the process of picking a pandemic strain, weakening it and making large batches of it, which could take six months.

Dr. Fukuda emphasized that the committee thought that “a pandemic is not inevitable — the situation is fluid and will continue to evolve.”

In Mexico, state health authorities looking for the initial source of the outbreak toured a million-pig hog farm in Perote, in Veracruz State. The plant is half-owned by Smithfield Foods, an American company and the world’s largest pork producer.

Mexico’s first known swine flu case, which was later confirmed, was from Perote, according to Health Minister José Ángel Córdova. The case involved a 5-year-old boy who recovered.

But a spokesman for the plant said the boy was not related to a plant worker, that none of its workers were sick and that its hogs were vaccinated against flu.

American officials said their response to the epidemic was already aggressive, and the W.H.O.’s decision to raise its pandemic alert to level 4 from level 3 would not change their plans. Level 4 means that there has been sustained human-to-human transmission.

The W.H.O. decision offered some official guidance to a world that, at least for the day, seemed swept by confusion that unnerved international travelers and the financial markets. European and Asian markets fell, and stock in airlines and the travel industry fell while those in pharmaceutical companies rose.

Pharmacies in New York reported runs on Tamiflu, an antiflu drug — something that public health officials badly want to avoid because the drug could eventually be needed for the truly ill.

For now supplies of Tamiflu and Relenza, another antiflu drug, remain adequate, the manufacturers said, but both were increasing production and expressed anxiety that shortages could develop if governments placed huge orders.

The travel issue was the most confusing. On Monday morning, the European Union appeared to issue and then rescind a ban on travel to the United States, drawing a rebuke from American officials, who themselves later suggested that Americans drop all nonessential travel to Mexico.

The number of deaths in Mexico for which flu is believed responsible climbed to 149. The number of confirmed cases in the United States increased to 45, with 28 of them from one New York City school.

None of the American cases have been serious, but Dr. Richard Besser, acting director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said he “would not rest on that fact.”

“I expect that we will see additional cases, and I expect that the spectrum of disease will expand,” he said at a news conference.

Asked why the W.H.O. had waited so long to raise its alert level, Dr. Fukuda said it was done on technical grounds, that there was evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of a new virus and movement of that virus to new areas. But he conceded that “the committee is very aware that changes have quite significant political and economic effects on countries.”

The W.H.O. has no power to enforce any policies on member states, but different countries may have their own pandemic flu plans that are triggered by changes in the alert level.

Spain and Scotland became the first countries outside North America to confirm cases. Suspected cases appeared in Brazil, Australia, Israel and New Zealand, but confirmation is slow because most nations’ laboratories lack the test kit the C.D.C. is developing for the new virus.

The C.D.C. began sending out the new kits on Monday, meaning that soon some states and foreign countries would be able to make their own diagnoses — a development that could lead to a sharp increase in confirmed cases.

Confusion regarding Europe’s position on travel arose when the European Union’s health commissioner, Androulla Vassiliou, was questioned on a visit to Luxembourg and said Europeans “should avoid traveling to Mexico or the United States unless it’s very urgent.”

Early reports of those remarks led both Dr. Besser and Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg of New York City to publicly disagree.

“We don’t think there is any reason not to travel and come to New York,” the mayor said.

Ms. Vassiliou’s office later denied she had issued any travel advisory and said she was only offering her personal opinion. “She didn’t want to insinuate risk where we’re not sure,” a spokesman said, adding that formal advice would be offered later.

Mayor Bloomberg confirmed that there were now 28 cases in New York, all connected to St. Francis Preparatory School in Fresh Meadows, Queens. He said there had been no suspected cases in any of the city’s intensive-care units. He acknowledged an increase in emergency-room visits, but he said his preliminary information indicated that there were more people who were worried rather than seriously ill.

New York’s public health situation does not now resemble Mexico City’s, the mayor said, and the public does not need to don masks.

In Europe, a spokesman for the Stockholm-based European Center for Disease Prevention and Control said there were about 40 suspected cases beyond the confirmed case in Spain.

The United States pork industry continued trying to allay consumer concerns about their products. Many companies and hog farmers complained that the “swine flu” name was unfortunate and perhaps inaccurate because, so far, the virus appears to be spreading without any contact with pigs.

“I guess everything has got to have a name,” said Kyle Stephens, who raises show pigs in Amarillo, Tex. “The biggest thing we are up against is people thinking the worst, instead of checking into it more.”

Reporting was contributed by Marc Lacey from Perote, Mexico; Elisabeth Malkin from Mexico City; Ian Austen from Ottawa; Keith Bradsher from Hong Kong; Victoria Burnett from Madrid; Reed Abelson, Sewell Chan, Denise Grady, Anemona Hartocollis, Michelle Higgins, Andrew Martin, Patrick McGeehan and Elisabeth Rosenthal from New York; Andrew Pollack and Rebecca Cathcart from Los Angeles; James C. McKinley Jr. from Laredo, Tex.; and Miguel Helft and Malia Wollan from San Francisco.

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2009-04-28 13:24 浏览 : 1274 回复 : 2

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W.H.O. Issues Higher Alert on Swine Flu, With Advice
Published: April 27, 2009
WHO发布高级别猪流感警报
While confirmed cases of swine flu increased only slightly on Monday, the World Health Organization voted to raise its global pandemic flu alert level, but at the same time it recommended that borders not be closed nor travel bans imposed.
由于周一确诊的猪流感病例仅轻微地增加，世界卫生组织投票提高其在全球流感大流行警戒级别，但是同时它推荐边界不封闭，也不实行旅行禁令。
The W.H.O.’s emergency committee, after meeting until 10:30 p.m. in Geneva, also recommended abandoning efforts to contain the flu’s spread.
世界卫生组织紧急委员会在日内瓦召开的直到晚上10：30结束的会议，建议不放弃遏制流感蔓延努力。
“Because the virus is already quite widespread in different locations, containment is not a feasible option,” said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the organization’s deputy director general.
“由于猪流感病毒已经在不同地区广泛传播，围堵政策显然不是可行的选择，”世卫副总干事福田敬二说。
The W.H.O. also recommended that vaccine makers keep making the seasonal flu vaccine instead of switching over to a new one that matches the swine flu strain, but it urged them to start the process of picking a pandemic strain, weakening it and making large batches of it, which could take six months.
世卫组织建议疫苗制造商要保持制造季节性流感疫苗，而不是换成制造适合新的猪流感病毒的疫苗。但是世卫催促疫苗制造商开始着手挑选大的病毒流行株，毒株减毒然后大批量生产，使之能满足6个月的使用。
Dr. Fukuda emphasized that the committee thought that “a pandemic is not inevitable — the situation is fluid and will continue to evolve.”
Dr. Fukuda强调紧急委员会认为：大流行并非不可避免——现在情况猪流感正在蔓延，并将继续发展。
In Mexico, state health authorities looking for the initial source of the outbreak toured a million-pig hog farm in Perote, in Veracruz State. The plant is half-owned by Smithfield Foods, an American company and the world’s largest pork producer.
墨西哥国家卫生当局在韦拉克鲁斯州Perote的调查万头猪养殖农场寻找流感爆发的源头。
Mexico’s first known swine flu case, which was later confirmed, was from Perote, according to Health Minister José Ángel Córdova. The case involved a 5-year-old boy who recovered.
根据卫生部长José Ángel Córdova的发言，墨西哥第一例已知的随后被确诊的猪流感患者来自Perote。该患者是一位5岁的小男孩，现已治愈。
But a spokesman for the plant said the boy was not related to a plant worker, that none of its workers were sick and that its hogs were vaccinated against flu.
但是养殖场的发言人说，该男孩和养殖场工人没有任何关联，该场的没有工人得流感，该场的所有猪已注射抗流感疫苗。
American officials said their response to the epidemic was already aggressive, and the W.H.O.’s decision to raise its pandemic alert to level 4 from level 3 would not change their plans. Level 4 means that there has been sustained human-to-human transmission.
美国官员说，他们对这一流行病采取了积极的反应，即使世界卫生组织决定将流行病警戒级别从3级调高到4级也不会影响他们的计划。4级意味着出现了持续的人际传播。
The W.H.O. decision offered some official guidance to a world that, at least for the day, seemed swept by confusion that unnerved international travelers and the financial markets. European and Asian markets fell, and stock in airlines and the travel industry fell while those in pharmaceutical companies rose.
世界卫生组织的决议给世界提供了官方指导，该决定至少在今天似乎席卷了加深国际旅客和金融市场的混乱。欧洲和亚洲市场下跌，航空和旅游业股票下跌的同时医药企业股票上扬。
Pharmacies in New York reported runs on Tamiflu, an antiflu drug — something that public health officials badly want to avoid because the drug could eventually be needed for the truly ill.
位于纽约的医药业报告关于达菲购销，达菲——一种抗流感药物——公共卫生官员迫切希望避免的东西，因为该药可能逐渐为真正的流感所需要。
For now supplies of Tamiflu and Relenza, another antiflu drug, remain adequate, the manufacturers said, but both were increasing production and expressed anxiety that shortages could develop if governments placed huge orders.
药品制造商说，为满足达菲和瑞沙——另外一种抗流感药物——的新需求，将保持货源充足。但是如果政府订巨额订单，两种药物药物即使加大生产也可能出现供应紧张。
The travel issue was the most confusing. On Monday morning, the European Union appeared to issue and then rescind a ban on travel to the United States, drawing a rebuke from American officials, who themselves later suggested that Americans drop all nonessential travel to Mexico.
旅行问题现在最混乱。在周一早上，欧盟出现赴美禁令取消问题，该禁令一度遭美国官方抗议，但是美国随后反而发布了美国人如非必要不要进入墨西哥的建议。
The number of deaths in Mexico for which flu is believed responsible climbed to 149. The number of confirmed cases in the United States increased to 45, with 28 of them from one New York City school.
墨西哥由于猪流感导致149人死亡。美国确诊病例人数为45，其中28人来自纽约市的一所中学。
None of the American cases have been serious, but Dr. Richard Besser, acting director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said he “would not rest on that fact.”
所有患者现在情况不严重，但是疾病控制和预防中心代理主任Dr. Richard Besser说：“现在不能放松警惕。”
“I expect that we will see additional cases, and I expect that the spectrum of disease will expand,” he said at a news conference.
他在新闻发布会上说：“我认为我们将发现更多的新增病例，我还认为疾病谱将扩大。”
Asked why the W.H.O. had waited so long to raise its alert level, Dr. Fukuda said it was done on technical grounds, that there was evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of a new virus and movement of that virus to new areas. But he conceded that “the committee is very aware that changes have quite significant political and economic effects on countries.”
当被问到为什么世界卫生组织要等这么长的时间才提高警戒等级时，Dr. Fukuda回答说，这样做有技术方面的理由。技术方面要有证据表明一种新病毒持续的人际传播和在新的地区出现。他承认委员会清楚认识到警戒级别变化对一些国家的政治和经济产生有重大影响。
The W.H.O. has no power to enforce any policies on member states, but different countries may have their own pandemic flu plans that are triggered by changes in the alert level.
世界卫生组织无权强制会员国执行，但是在警戒级别调整后不同的国家可能有启动他们自己的防流感计划。
Spain and Scotland became the first countries outside North America to confirm cases. Suspected cases appeared in Brazil, Australia, Israel and New Zealand, but confirmation is slow because most nations’ laboratories lack the test kit the C.D.C. is developing for the new virus.
西班牙和苏格兰是北美洲外的最先证实感染病例的国家。巴西、澳大利亚、以色列和新西兰出现疑似病例，确认病例比较慢，因为这些国家的国家实验室缺乏CDC开发的新病毒检测试剂盒。
The C.D.C. began sending out the new kits on Monday, meaning that soon some states and foreign countries would be able to make their own diagnoses — a development that could lead to a sharp increase in confirmed cases.
周一CDC开始发送新病毒试剂盒，意味着美国的一些州和其他国家能够很快自己诊断猪流感患者——将导致确证病例急剧增加。
Confusion regarding Europe’s position on travel arose when the European Union’s health commissioner, Androulla Vassiliou, was questioned on a visit to Luxembourg and said Europeans “should avoid traveling to Mexico or the United States unless it’s very urgent.”
当欧盟健康专员Androulla Vassiliou在访问卢森堡时被问道关于欧洲出行的意见混乱的问题，她说欧洲人应该避免不必要的墨西哥和美国之行。
Early reports of those remarks led both Dr. Besser and Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg of New York City to publicly disagree.
早期报道过这些话遭到Dr. Besser和纽约市长Michael R. Bloomberg的公开反驳。
“We don’t think there is any reason not to travel and come to New York,” the mayor said.
“我们不认为有任何理由不到纽约旅行，”市长说。
Ms. Vassiliou’s office later denied she had issued any travel advisory and said she was only offering her personal opinion. “She didn’t want to insinuate risk where we’re not sure,” a spokesman said, adding that formal advice would be offered later.
Ms. Vassiliou’s后来否认她发出任何旅游忠告，她只是给出她的个人意见。“我们还不能确定，她不想含沙射影的风险，”一位发言人说，正式的意见将随后提出。
Mayor Bloomberg confirmed that there were now 28 cases in New York, all connected to St. Francis Preparatory School in Fresh Meadows, Queens. He said there had been no suspected cases in any of the city’s intensive-care units. He acknowledged an increase in emergency-room visits, but he said his preliminary information indicated that there were more people who were worried rather than seriously ill.
纽约市长Bloomberg证实纽约市28例患者都是来自皇后区Fresh Meadows的St. Francis 预备中学。他说，也没有疑似病例在城市的任何加强监护病房。他承认来急症室的人增多，但是初步信息显示多数人是出自担心才来医院而不是由于严重疾病。
New York’s public health situation does not now resemble Mexico City’s, the mayor said, and the public does not need to don masks.
纽约的公共健康状态不和现在的墨西哥城类似，市长强调公众不需要带口罩。
In Europe, a spokesman for the Stockholm-based European Center for Disease Prevention and Control said there were about 40 suspected cases beyond the confirmed case in Spain.
在欧洲，设在斯德哥尔摩的欧洲疾病预防和控制中心的发言人说除了西班牙的确诊病例外还有40例疑似病例。
The United States pork industry continued trying to allay consumer concerns about their products. Many companies and hog farmers complained that the “swine flu” name was unfortunate and perhaps inaccurate because, so far, the virus appears to be spreading without any contact with pigs.

“I guess everything has got to have a name,” said Kyle Stephens, who raises show pigs in Amarillo, Tex. “The biggest thing we are up against is people thinking the worst, instead of checking into it more.”
美国猪肉行业继续努力以消除消费者对他们的产品担心。许多企业和养猪的农民抱怨说， “猪流感”的这个名字是不合适的，多半也不准确；因为到目前，该病毒传播似乎是没有任何接触猪的。“我想一切都必须有一个名称，”在德州Amarillo养殖表演猪的Kyle Stephens说，“最重要的我们面对的是人往最坏的方向想，而不是进行更多检查。”
Reporting was contributed by Marc Lacey from Perote, Mexico; Elisabeth Malkin from Mexico City; Ian Austen from Ottawa; Keith Bradsher from Hong Kong; Victoria Burnett from Madrid; Reed Abelson, Sewell Chan, Denise Grady, Anemona Hartocollis, Michelle Higgins, Andrew Martin, Patrick McGeehan and Elisabeth Rosenthal from New York; Andrew Pollack and Rebecca Cathcart from Los Angeles; James C. McKinley Jr. from Laredo, Tex.; and Miguel Helft and Malia Wollan from San Francisco.
Marc Lacey从墨西哥Perote的报道；Elisabeth Malkin从墨西哥城的报道；Ian Austen从渥太华报道；Keith Bradsher从香港报道；Victoria Burnett从马德里报道；Reed Abelson, Sewell Chan, Denise Grady, Anemona Hartocollis, Michelle Higgins, Andrew Martin, Patrick McGeehan ， Elisabeth Rosenthal从纽约报道；Andrew Pollack和Rebecca Cathcart 从洛杉矶报道; James C. McKinley Jr.从德州拉雷多报道；Miguel Helft 和 Malia Wollan从圣弗兰西斯科报道。

2009-04-28 13:50

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caitikuan 编辑于 2009-04-29 15:04

• 吐槽村医委培以及寻求各位前辈同仁的帮助

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WHO发布高级别猪流感警报

由于周一确诊的猪流感病例仅轻微地增加，世界卫生组织投票提高其在全球流感大流行警戒级别，但是同时它推荐边界不封闭，也不实行旅行禁令。
世卫方面
世界卫生组织紧急委员会在日内瓦召开的直到晚上10：30才结束的会议，建议继续努力遏制流感蔓延趋势。
“由于猪流感病毒已经在不同地区广泛传播，围堵政策显然不是可行的选择，”世卫副总干事福田敬二说。
世卫组织建议疫苗制造商要保持制造季节性流感疫苗，而不是换成制造适合新的猪流感病毒的疫苗。但是世卫催促疫苗制造商开始着手挑选大的病毒流行株，毒株减毒后的疫苗大批量生产，使之能满足6个月的使用。
Dr. Fukuda强调紧急委员会认为：大流行并非不可避免——现在情况猪流感正在蔓延，并将继续发展。
墨西哥
墨西哥国家卫生当局在韦拉克鲁斯州Perote的调查万头猪养殖农场寻找流感爆发的源头。
根据卫生部长José Ángel Córdova的发言，墨西哥第一例已知的随后被确诊的猪流感患者来自Perote。该患者是一位5岁的小男孩，现已治愈。
但是养殖场的发言人说，该男孩和养殖场工人没有任何关联，该场的没有工人得猪流感，该场的所有猪已注射抗流感疫苗。
美国
美国官员说，他们对这一流行病采取了积极的反应，即使世界卫生组织决定将流行病警戒级别从3级调高到4级也不会影响他们的计划。4级意味着出现了持续的人际传播。
世界卫生组织的决议给世界提供了官方指导，该决定至少在今天似乎席卷了加深国际旅客和金融市场的混乱。欧洲和亚洲市场下跌，航空和旅游业股票下跌的同时医药企业股票上扬。
位于纽约的医药业报告关于达菲购销，达菲——一种抗流感药物——公共卫生官员迫切希望避免的东西，因为该药可能逐渐为真正的流感所需要。
药品制造商说，为满足达菲和瑞沙——另外一种抗流感药物——的新需求，将保持货源充足。但是如果政府采购巨额订单，两种药物药物即使加大生产也可能出现供应紧张。
关于出行问题的意见现在最混乱。在周一早上，欧盟取消赴美禁令，该禁令一度遭美国官方抗议，但是美国随后反而发布了美国人如非必要不要进入墨西哥的建议。
墨西哥由于猪流感导致149人死亡。美国确诊病例人数为45，其中28人来自纽约市的一所中学。
所有患者现在情况不严重，但是疾病控制和预防中心代理主任Dr. Richard Besser说：“现在不能放松警惕。”他在新闻发布会上说：“我认为我们将发现更多的新增病例，我还认为疾病谱将扩大。”当被问到为什么世界卫生组织要等这么长的时间才提高警戒等级时，Dr. Fukuda回答说，这样做有技术方面的理由。技术方面要有证据表明一种新病毒持续的人际传播和在新的地区出现。他承认委员会清楚认识到警戒级别变化对一些国家的政治和经济产生有重大影响。
世界卫生组织无权强制会员国执行，但是在警戒级别调整后不同的国家可能有启动他们自己的防流感计划。

欧盟
西班牙和苏格兰是北美洲外的最先证实感染病例的国家。巴西、澳大利亚、以色列和新西兰出现疑似病例，确认病例比较慢，因为这些国家的国家实验室缺乏CDC开发的新病毒检测试剂盒。
周一CDC开始发送新病毒试剂盒，意味着美国的一些州和其他国家能够很快自己诊断猪流感患者——将导致确证病例急剧增加。
当欧盟健康专员Androulla Vassiliou在访问卢森堡时被问道关于欧洲出行的意见混乱的问题，她说欧洲人应该避免不必要的墨西哥和美国之行。
早期报道过这些话遭到Dr. Besser和纽约市长Michael R. Bloomberg的公开反驳。
“我们不认为有任何理由不到纽约旅行，”市长说。
Ms. Vassiliou’s后来否认她发出任何旅游忠告，她只是给出她的个人意见。“我们还不能确定，她不想含沙射影的风险，”一位发言人说，正式的意见将随后提出。
纽约市长Bloomberg证实纽约市28例患者都是来自皇后区Fresh Meadows的St. Francis 预备中学。他说，也没有疑似病例在城市的任何加强监护病房。他承认来急症室的人增多，但是初步信息显示多数人是出自担心才来医院而不是由于严重疾病。
纽约的公共健康状态不和现在的墨西哥城类似，市长强调公众不需要带口罩。
在欧洲，设在斯德哥尔摩的欧洲疾病预防和控制中心的发言人说除了西班牙的确诊病例外还有40例疑似病例。
美国猪肉行业继续努力以消除消费者对他们的产品担心。许多企业和养猪的农民抱怨说， “猪流感”的这个名字是不合适的，多半也不准确；因为到目前，该病毒传播似乎是没有任何接触猪的。“我想一切都必须有一个名称，”在德州Amarillo养殖表演猪的Kyle Stephens说，“最重要的我们面对的是人往最坏的方向想，而不是进行更多检查。”

记者
Marc Lacey从墨西哥Perote；Elisabeth Malkin从墨西哥城；Ian Austen从渥太华；Keith Bradsher从香港；Victoria Burnett从马德里；Reed Abelson, Sewell Chan, Denise Grady, Anemona Hartocollis, Michelle Higgins, Andrew Martin, Patrick McGeehan ， Elisabeth Rosenthal从纽约；Andrew Pollack和Rebecca Cathcart 从洛杉矶; James C. McKinley Jr.从德州拉雷多；Miguel Helft 和 Malia Wollan从圣弗兰西斯科报道。（丁香）

2009-04-29 15:20

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